Table 2.
Relative risk of incident gout in men according to levels of soft drink consumption
| Variable | Frequency of intake (servings) | P for trend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1/month | 1/month-1/week | 2-4/week | 5-6/week | 1/day | ≥2/day | ||
| Sugar sweetened soft drinks: | |||||||
| No of cases | 279 | 251 | 82 | 88 | 39 | 16 | — |
| Person years | 158 891 | 151 173 | 53 086 | 47 433 | 20 485 | 7392 | — |
| Age, BMI, alcohol, and energy adjusted relative risk (95% CI) | 1.0* | 1.00 (0.84 to 1.19) | 1.00 (0.78 to 1.29) | 1.30 (1.01 to 1.67) | 1.44 (1.02 to 2.04) | 1.78 (1.06 to 2.98) | 0.002 |
| Multivariate relative risk (95% CI)† | 1.0* | 1.00 (0.84 to 1.20) | 0.99 (0.77 to 1.29) | 1.29 (1.00 to 1.68) | 1.45 (1.02 to 2.08) | 1.85 (1.08 to 3.16) | 0.002 |
| Diet soft drinks: | |||||||
| No of cases | 228 | 174 | 87 | 113 | 92 | 60 | — |
| Person years | 161 129 | 96 334 | 44 987 | 59 628 | 46 434 | 28 148 | — |
| Age, BMI, alcohol, and energy adjusted relative risk (95% CI) | 1.0* | 1.18 (0.96 to 1.44) | 1.18 (0.92 to 1.51) | 1.13 (0.90 to 1.43) | 1.14 (0.89 to 1.47) | 1.23 (0.91 to 1.66) | 0.27 |
| Multivariate relative risk† (95% CI) | 1.0* | 1.18 (0.97 to 1.45) | 1.15 (0.89 to 1.48) | 1.09 (0.86 to 1.38) | 1.07 (0.83 to 1.38) | 1.12 (0.82 to 1.52) | 0.99 |
| Sweetened cola: | |||||||
| No of cases | 326 | 261 | 83 | 51 | 34‡ | — | — |
| Person years | 192 060 | 147 785 | 47 607 | 31611 | 18 680‡ | — | — |
| Age, BMI, alcohol, and energy adjusted relative risk (95% CI) | 1.0* | 1.09 (0.92 to 1.29) | 1.18 (0.93 to 1.52) | 1.17 (0.86 to 1.58) | 1.47 (1.02 to 2.12)§ | — | 0.04 |
| Multivariate relative risk† (95% CI) | 1.0* | 1.09 (0.92 to 1.29) | 1.18 (0.92 to 1.52) | 1.16 (0.85 to 1.58) | 1.50 (1.02 to 2.19)§ | — | 0.07 |
| Other sweetened soft drinks: | |||||||
| No of cases | 407 | 277 | 43 | 9 | 13‡ | — | — |
| Person years | 245 712 | 157 526 | 22 986 | 5706 | 3152‡ | — | — |
| Age, BMI, alcohol, and energy adjusted relative risk (95% CI) | 1.0* | 1.18 (1.01 to 1.39) | 1.34 (0.97 to 1.85) | 1.09 (0.56 to 2.12) | 2.89 (1.65 to 5.06)‡ | — | 0.002 |
| Multivariate relative risk† (95% CI) | 1.0* | 1.15 (0.96 to 1.37) | 1.28 (0.92 to 1.80) | 1.05 (0.54 to 2.07) | 2.76 (1.55 to 4.89)‡ | — | 0.008 |
BMI=body mass index. Number of cases may not add up to 755 because of missing data.
*Referent.
†Adjusted for age, total energy intake, body mass index, diuretic use, history of hypertension, and history of chronic renal failure; intake of alcohol, total meats, seafood, purine rich vegetables, dairy foods, and total vitamin C; and sweetened soft drinks, diet soft drinks, sweetened cola, and other sweetened soft drinks.
‡Values relate to one or more servings per day.