Table 3.

 Relative risk of incident gout in men according to fructose intake

Variable	Fifths of fructose intake					P for trend
	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th
Free fructose (% of energy):	<3.5	3.5-4.4	4.5-5.3	5.4-6.6	>6.6
No of cases	152	154	146	160	143	—
Person years	87 136	87 618	87 818	88 050	87 839	—
Age, BMI, alcohol, and energy adjusted relative risk (95% CI)	1.0	1.19 (0.95 to 1.49)	1.21 (0.96 to 1.53)	1.45 (1.15 to 1.83)	1.43 (1.12 to 1.83)	0.001
Multivariate relative risk* (95% CI)	1.0	1.26 (1.00 to 1.59)	1.33 (1.04 to 1.70)	1.68 (1.30 to 2.16)	1.81 (1.38 to 2.38)	<0.001
Multivariate relative risk† (95% CI)	1.0	1.29 (1.02 to 1.64)	1.41 (1.09 to 1.82)	1.84 (1.40 to 2.41)	2.02 (1.49 to 2.75)	<0.001
Total fructose‡ (% of energy):	<6.9	6.9-8.5	8.6-10.0	10.1-11.8	>11.8
No of cases	186	139	153	137	140	—
Person years	87050	87761	87815	88087	87748	—
Age, BMI, alcohol, and energy adjusted relative risk (95% CI)	1.0	0.90 (0.72 to 1.13)	1.11 (0.88 to 1.39)	1.08 (0.85 to 1.37)	1.24 (0.97 to 1.57)	0.04
Multivariate relative risk* (95% CI)	1.0	0.96 (0.76 to 1.21)	1.20 (0.95 to 1.53)	1.25 (0.96 to 1.61)	1.52 (1.15 to 2.01)	0.001
Multivariate relative risk† (95% CI)	1.0	0.98 (0.77 to 1.25)	1.29 (1.00 to 1.67)	1.41 (1.06 to 1.88)	1.81 (1.31 to 2.50)	<0.001

BMI=body mass index.

*Adjusted for age, total energy intake, body mass index, diuretic use, history of hypertension, history of renal failure; intake of alcohol and total vitamin C; and percentage of energy from non-fructose carbohydrate and total protein to estimate effects of substituting fructose for equivalent energy from fat.

†Adjusted for age, total energy intake, body mass index, diuretic use, history of hypertension, history of renal failure; intake of alcohol and total vitamin C; and percentage of energy from total carbohydrate to estimate effects of fructose for equivalent energy from other carbohydrates.

‡Free fructose plus half the amount of sucrose.