Table 4.

 Relative risk of incident gout in men according to intake of other fructose rich foods and beverages

Variable	Frequency of intake						P for trend
	<1/month	1/month-1/week	2-4/week	5-6/week	1/day	≥2/day
Total fruit juices* (small glass):
No of cases	31	137	116	191	236	43	—
Person years	26590	85201	61964	107415	129859	26144	—
Age, BMI, alcohol, and energy adjusted relative risk (95% CI)	1.0†	1.37 (0.92 to 2.02)	1.64 (1.10 to 2.45)	1.60 (1.09 to 2.35)	1.76 (1.20 to 2.57)	1.83 (1.14 to 2.93)	0.008
Multivariate relative risk‡ (95% CI)	1.0†	1.34 (0.91 to 1.99)	1.57 (1.05 to 2.35)	1.55 (1.05 to 2.30)	1.74 (1.18 to 2.56)	1.81 (1.12 to 2.93)	0.01
Orange or apple juice (small glass):
No of cases	49	208	130	186	155	25	—
Person years	38720	119388	65710	104037	93891	14630	—
Age, BMI, alcohol, and energy adjusted relative risk (95% CI)	1.0†	1.40 (1.03 to 1.92)	1.61 (1.16 to 2.25)	1.56 (1.13 to 2.15)	1.53 (1.10 to 2.11)	1.78 (1.09 to 2.91)	0.04
Multivariate relative risk‡ (95% CI)	1.0†	1.41 (1.03 to 1.93)	1.59 (1.14 to 2.23)	1.55 (1.12 to 2.15)	1.53 (1.09 to 2.13)	1.82 (1.11 to 3.00)	0.05
Orange or apple:
No of cases	25	217	126	247	139§	—	—
Person years	16520	124376	77146	139438	79968§	—	—
Age, BMI, alcohol, and energy adjusted relative risk (95% CI)	1.0†	1.20 (0.79 to 1.83)	1.17 (0.75 to 1.81)	1.34 (0.88 to 2.04)	1.43 (0.93 to 2.21)§	—	0.05
Multivariate relative risk‡ (95% CI)	1.0†	1.24 (0.82 to 1.89)	1.22 (0.79 to 1.90)	1.43 (0.94 to 2.19)	1.64 (1.05 to 2.56)§	—	0.006

BMI=body mass index. Number of gout cases does not add up to total because of missing data.

*Includes orange juice, apple juice, grape juice, and other fruit juices.

†Referent.

‡Adjusted for age, total energy intake, body mass index, diuretic use, history of hypertension, and history of renal failure; intake of alcohol, total meats, seafood, purine rich vegetables, dairy foods, total vitamin C, and the beverages presented in this table and table 2.

§Values relate to one or more servings per day.