Table 1.

Studies identified for the association between in utero exposure to estrogenic agent and hypospadias and cryptorchidism.

Reference	End point	Comment	Previous reviewsa
Aarskog 1970	Hypospadias	Data on progestins treatment only
Beard et al. 1984	Cryptorchidism	Included	R-W, T, S
Beral and Colwell 1981	Cryptorchidism	Study too small to calculate risk ratio	Sx
Berkowitz and Lapinski 1996	Cryptorchidism	Use of clomiphene before pregnancy recognized
Bernstein et al. 1988	Cryptorchidism	Maternal endogenous hormones	S
Bhatia et al. 2005	Cryptorchidism	Included
	Hypospadias	Included
Bianca et al. 2003	Hypospadias	Occupational exposure of fathers to pesticides
Burton et al. 1987	Cryptorchidism	Maternal endogenous hormone levels	S
Calzolari et al. 1986	Hypospadias	Oral contraceptive use before pregnancy recognized	R-Wx, S
Cosgrove et al. 1977	Cryptorchidism Hypospadias	No control data for documented abnormalities	R-Wx, Sx
Czeizel et al. 1979	Hypospadias	Progesterone treatment	R-Wx
Czeizel et al. 1999	Cryptorchidism Hypospadias	Ecological study design
Davies et al. 1986	Cryptorchidism	Oral contraceptive use before pregnancy recognized	S
Depue 1984	Cryptorchidism	Same cohort as Depue (1988)	R-Wx, S
Depue 1988	Cryptorchidism	Included
Flores-Luevano et al. 2003	Hypospadias	Included
Garcia-Rodriguez et al. 1996	Cryptorchidism	Ecological study design	V, S
Gill et al. 1977	Cryptorchidism Hypospadias	No genitourinary abnormalities in exposed infants	T
Gill et al. 1979	Cryptorchidism	Cryptorchidism in men with testicular hypoplasia	T, S
Harlap et al. 1975	Cryptorchidism Hypospadias	All cases exposed to progesterone	R-W
Harlap and Eldor 1980	Cryptorchidism Hypospadias	No cases after oral contraceptive use during pregnancy	R-W
Harlap et al. 1985	Cryptorchidism	Included	R-W
	Hypospadias	Included
Heinonen et al. 1977	Hypospadias	Included
Hemminki et al. 1999	Hypospadias	No exposed controls
Henderson et al. 1976	Cryptorchidism	No unexposed cases	T, V
	Hypospadias	No unexposed cases
Janerich et al. 1980	Hypospadias	Data for hypospadias not reported	R-Wx
Källén 1988	Hypospadias	Included	R-W
Källén and Winberg 1982	Hypospadias	No exposed controls	R-Wx, S
Källén et al. 1991	Hypospadias	Included	R-W, S
Key et al. 1996	Cryptorchidism	No exogenous hormone use	S
Klip et al. 2002	Hypospadias	Included
Kristensen et al. 1997	Cryptorchidism	Exposure to unspecified pesticides	V, S
Longnecker et al. 2002	Cryptorchidism Hypospadias	DDE is antiandrogenic	V, S
McBride et al. 1991	Cryptorchidism	Included	R-W, S
Monteleone-Neto et al. 1981	Hypospadias	Included	R-W, V, S
North and Golding 2000	Hypospadias	Phytoestrogens	S
Palmer et al. 2005	Hypospadias	Included
Pierik et al. 2004	Cryptorchidism Hypospadias	Phytoestrogens, unspecified pesticides, or EDCs
Polednak and Janerich 1983	Hypospadias	Included	R-W, S
Pons et al. 2005	Hypospadias	Included
Restrepo et al. 1990	Cryptorchidism	Unspecified pesticides	V
Rothman and Louik 1978	Hypospadias	Oral contraceptive use before pregnancy recognized	S
Sorensen et al. 2005	Hypospadias	Clomiphene is estrogenic but does not act via ER
Stoll et al. 1990	Hypospadias	Oral contraceptive use before pregnancy recognized	R-Wx, S
Sweet et al. 1974	Hypospadias	No exogenous estrogens during pregnancy	R-W
Torfs et al. 1981	Cryptorchidism Hypospadias	Same cohort as Bhatia et al. (2005)	R-Wx
Vessey et al. 1983	Cryptorchidism	Included	S
	Hypospadias	No unexposed cases	S
Vrijheid et al. 2003	Hypospadias	Included
Weidner et al. 1998	Cryptorchidism Hypospadias	Exposure to unspecified pesticides	V, S
Whitehead and Leiter 1981	Cryptorchidism	No controls	T

^aThe letters R-W, T, V, and S refer to Raman-Wilms et al. (1995), Toppari et al. (1996), Vidaeff and Sever (2005), and Storgaard et al. (2006), respectively, where the suffix “x” indicates study was excluded from that review.