Table 6.

Unstandardized Coefficients From Regressions Predicting Adolescent Outcomes From Family Patterns and Control Variables

	Externalizing Problems^a		Internalizing Problems^a		Failing Grades^b
Close to both fathers (B)	−.40^a ^***	−.37^a ^***	−.54^a ^***	−.31^a ^**	−.83^a ^***	−.98^a ^**
Close only to stepfather (SF)	−.36^a ^***	−.31^a ^b ^***	−.33^b ^***	−.20^a ^b ^†	−.55^a ^*	−.59^a ^*
Close only to nonresident father (F)	−.12^b	−.11^b	−.12^b	−.03^b	−.59^a ^*	−.63^a ^*
Close to neither father (N)	—	—	—	—	—	—
Black^c		−.07		−.04		.20
Hispanic^c		.34^*		−.05		.56
Other^c		.09		−.03		.15
Male		.25^***		−.34^***		.66^**
Age		.05^**		.06^***		.07
Nonmarital birth		.08		−.04		−.34
Immigrant family		−.20		.07		−.21
Income		.02		−.01		−.12
Mother college		−.01		−.11		−.62^**
Nonresident father college		−.18^*		.13		−.23
Stepfather college		−.13		−.18^**		−.38
Years since lived with father		−.01		−.02^**		−.02
Contact with father		.01		−.01		.01
Closeness to mother		.03		−.14^**		.08
Mother-stepfather happiness		−.04^*		−.03		−.02
Differences^d	B, SF > F, N	B > F, N; SF > N	B > SF, F, N; SF > N	B > F, N; SF > N	B, SF, F > N	B, SF, F > N
n	1,146	1,146	1,149	1,149	1,112	1,112
R²	.05	.14	.07	.18

Note: For each closeness group, coefficients within a column that do not share subscripts differ at p < .05. Dummy variables indicating missing or unknown values for income, nonresident father's education, stepfather's education, nonmarital birth, and mother-stepfather marital happiness are also in the model, but coefficients are not shown. All values are weighted except n.

Ordinary least-squares regression.

Logistic regression.

Omitted category is White.

Significant differences at p ≤ .05 between groups on well-being summarized.

^†

p = .05.

p < .05.

^**

p < .01.

^***

p < .001.