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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2008 Feb 13.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2006;2:111–133. doi: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095213

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Bivariate and multivariate comorbidity models: (a) associated liabilities model, (b) multiformity model, (c) causation models, (d) independence model, and (e) a hypothetical multivariate model. Note that models are not necessarily mathematically identified as shown; they may require additional parameter constraints or may require appropriate data (e.g., longitudinal or family) to be tested.