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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2008 Feb 13.
Published in final edited form as: J Abnorm Psychol. 2007 Aug;116(3):433–447. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.116.3.433

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Standardized parameters from the best fitting strong invariance model. The latent EXT variables represent the general vulnerability factors common among the four disorders at ages 17 and 24. The factor loadings on the EXT variables have been equated across time and gender. The standardized factor loadings differ at ages 17 and 24 because of different variances in the disorders at the two ages. The standardized loadings reported in the figure are the means for men and women. The line connecting the latent EXT variables provides the rank-order stability coefficient. The residual correlation linking nicotine dependence at ages 17 and 24 represents unique effects independent of the EXT liability that contribute to the stability of nicotine dependence. The Cohen’s d values in the figure refer to the effective sizes for the mean-level difference between men and women on the EXT liability at the two ages (i.e., a positive d value indicates that men exhibited greater mean levels of the EXT liability). All factor loadings are significant at p < .01. Subscripts refer to assessment age in years. EXT = latent Externalizing factor; AAB = adult antisocial behavior; ALD = alcohol dependence; NCD = nicotine dependence; DD = drug dependence.