Table 4. Confound-free Vigilance Age Contrasts in Laboratory Settings by Cue Type (Event, Time).
| First Author & Year | Exp. no. | Condition | Ongoing Task | No. cues | # Cue-Action pairs | Lenient/Strict Scoring | Young n | Older n | ProM Young M | ProM Older M | ProM Age Effect | Confounds |
| EC Vigilance | ||||||||||||
| Cohen '01 [84] | 1 | very related | PA | 24 | 24 | L | 24 | 24 | 0.92 | 0.78 | - | |
| Cohen '01 [84] | 1 | somewhat related | PA | 24 | 24 | L | 24 | 24 | 0.87 | 0.72 | - | |
| Cohen '01 [84] | 1 | unrelated | PA | 24 | 24 | L | 24 | 24 | 0.73 | 0.52 | - | |
| Cohen '01 [84] | 2 | picture+word related | PA | 24 | 24 | L | 24 | 24 | 0.96 | 0.85 | - | |
| Cohen '01 [84] | 2 | picture+word unrelated | PA | 24 | 24 | L | 24 | 24 | 0.91 | 0.74 | - | |
| Cohen '01 [84] | 2 | word only related | PA | 24 | 24 | L | 24 | 24 | 0.74 | 0.45 | - | |
| Cohen '01 [84] | 2 | word only unrelated | PA | 24 | 24 | L | 24 | 24 | 0.73 | 0.34 | - | |
| Cohen '03 [85] | 1 | none displaced | visual search | 12 | 2 | L | 30 | 30 | 0.82 | 0.53 | - | |
| Cohen '03 [85] | 1 | target displaced | visual search | 12 | 2 | L | 30 | 30 | 0.71 | 0.54 | - | |
| Cohen '03 [85] | 1 | cue displaced | visual search | 12 | 2 | L | 30 | 30 | 0.80 | 0.59 | - | |
| Cohen '03 [85] | 2 | cue displaced | visual search | 12 | 2 | L | 31 | 32 | 0.56 | 0.45 | - | |
| Cohen '03 [85] | 2 | target displaced | visual search | 12 | 2 | L | 31 | 32 | 0.61 | 0.52 | - | |
| Cohen '03 [85] | 2 | cue displaced | visual search | 12 | 2 | L | 31 | 32 | 0.71 | 0.69 | - | |
| Cohen '03 [85] | 2 | cue displaced | visual search | 12 | 2 | L | 31 | 34 | 0.56 | 0.45 | - | |
| Cohen '03 [85] | 2 | target displaced | visual search | 12 | 2 | L | 31 | 34 | 0.61 | 0.39 | - | |
| Cohen '03 [85] | 2 | cue displaced | visual search | 12 | 2 | L | 31 | 34 | 0.71 | 0.55 | - | |
| Einstein '95 [55] | 2 | specific cue | WM | 3 | 3 | S | 11 | 12 | 0.85 | 0.83 | - | |
| Einstein '95 [55] | 2 | general cue | WM | 3 | 3 | S | 11 | 12 | 0.56 | 0.47 | - | |
| Costermans ‘99 [86] | 1 | cp | movie | 6 | 1 | S | 10 | 10 | 0.78 | 0.69 | - | |
| Costermans ’99 [86] | 1 | vp/d = 7 | movie | 4 | 1 | S | 10 | 10 | 0.80 | 0.80 | = | |
| Costermans ’99 [86] | 1 | vp/d = 3 | movie | 4 | 1 | S | 10 | 10 | 0.75 | 0.67 | - | |
| Einstein '95 [55] | 2 | general cue | WM | 3 | 3 | S | 12 | 12 | 0.56 | 0.47 | - | |
| Einstein '97 [20] | 1 | standard | w/rating | 6 | 1 | S | 16 | 16 | 0.71 | 0.53 | - | |
| Einstein '97 [20] | 1 | demanding | w/rating+digit detect. | 6 | 1 | S | 16 | 16 | 0.58 | 0.25 | - | |
| Einstein '97 [20] | 2 | enc std/ret std | w/rating | 6 | 1 | S | 16 | 16 | 0.66 | 0.58 | - | |
| Einstein '97 [20] | 2 | enc std/ret dem | w/rating+digit detect. | 6 | 1 | S | 16 | 16 | 0.64 | 0.38 | - | |
| Einstein '97 [20] | 2 | enc dem/ret std | w/rating | 6 | 1 | S | 16 | 16 | 0.47 | 0.54 | + | |
| Einstein '97 [20] | 2 | enc dem/ret dem | w/rating+digit detect. | 6 | 1 | S | 16 | 16 | 0.55 | 0.17 | - | |
| Einstein '98 [54] | 1 | std att/no cue | u/t | 11 | 1 | S | 15 | 15 | 0.91 | 0.69 | - | |
| Einstein '98 [54] | 1 | std att/cue | u/t | 11 | 1 | S | 15 | 15 | 0.89 | 0.73 | - | |
| Einstein '98 [54] | 1 | div att/no cue | u/t | 11 | 1 | S | 15 | 15 | 0.82 | 0.62 | - | |
| Einstein '98 [54] | 1 | div att/cue | u/t | 11 | 1 | S | 15 | 15 | 0.81 | 0.52 | - | |
| d'Ydewalle '99 [87] | 1 | q&a | q&a | 3 | 1 | S | 30 | 30 | 0.81 | 0.42 | - | |
| d'Ydewalle '99 [87] | 1 | faces | face identification | 3 | 1 | S | 30 | 30 | 0.92 | 0.73 | - | |
| d'Ydewalle '01 [88] | 1 | low complexity | math | 5 | 1 | S | 12 | 12 | 0.62 | 0.17 | - | |
| d'Ydewalle '01 [88] | 1 | high complexity | math | 5 | 1 | S | 12 | 12 | 0.70 | 0.73 | + | |
| Kidder '97 [18] | 1 | WM 2/ProM 1 | WM | 6 | 1 | S | 15 | 15 | 0.98 | 0.98 | = | e(6y,23o) |
| Kidder '97 [18] | 1 | WM 3/ProM 1 | WM | 6 | 1 | S | 15 | 15 | 0.82 | 0.69 | - | e(6y,23o) |
| Kidder '97 [18] | 1 | WM 2/ProM 3 | WM | 6 | 3 | S | 15 | 15 | 0.97 | 0.85 | - | e(6y,23o) |
| Kidder '97 [18] | 1 | WM 3/ProM 3 | WM | 6 | 3 | S | 15 | 15 | 0.90 | 0.63 | - | e(6y,23o) |
| Logie '04 [89] | 1 | low arithmetic | movie+arithmetics | 5 | 1 | S | 10 | 10 | 1.00 | 0.98 | - | |
| Logie '04 [89] | 1 | high arithmetic | movie+arithmetics | 5 | 1 | S | 10 | 10 | 0.96 | 0.80 | - | |
| Mantyla '93 [90] | 1 | typical/primed | generate associates | 8 | 4 | S | 16 | 16 | 0.86 | 0.75 | - | |
| Mantyla '93 [90] | 1 | typical/nonprime | generate associates | 8 | 4 | S | 16 | 16 | 0.80 | 0.49 | - | |
| Mantyla '93 [90] | 1 | atypical/primed | generate associates | 8 | 4 | S | 16 | 16 | 0.80 | 0.30 | - | |
| Mantyla '93 [90] | 1 | atypical/nonprime | generate associates | 8 | 4 | S | 16 | 16 | 0.48 | 0.22 | - | |
| Mantyla '94 [91] | 1 | typical | generate associates | 8 | 4 | S | 18 | 18 | 0.79 | 0.65 | - | |
| Mantyla '94 [91] | 1 | atypical | generate associates | 8 | 4 | S | 18 | 18 | 0.65 | 0.26 | - | |
| Martin '03 [40] | 1 | word rating | w/rating | 4 | 1 | S | 40 | 40 | 0.95 | 0.79 | - | |
| Maylor '93 [92] | 1 | block 1 | face identification | 8 | 2 | L | 43 | 43 | 0.69 | 0.68 | - | |
| Maylor '93 [92] | 1 | block 2 | face identification | 8 | 2 | L | 43 | 43 | 0.83 | 0.66 | - | |
| Maylor '93 [92] | 1 | block 3 | face identification | 8 | 2 | L | 43 | 43 | 0.87 | 0.69 | - | |
| Maylor '93 [92] | 1 | block 4 | face identification | 8 | 2 | L | 43 | 43 | 0.92 | 0.71 | - | |
| Maylor '96 [60] | 1 | block 1 | face identification | 8 | 1 | S | 56 | 59 | 0.57 | 0.26 | - | |
| Maylor '96 [60] | 1 | block 2 | face identification | 8 | 1 | S | 56 | 59 | 0.65 | 0.25 | - | |
| Maylor '96 [60] | 1 | block 3 | face identification | 8 | 1 | S | 56 | 59 | 0.67 | 0.27 | - | |
| Maylor '96 [60] | 1 | block 4 | face identification | 8 | 1 | S | 56 | 59 | 0.60 | 0.28 | - | |
| Maylor '98 [65] | 1 | block 1 | face identification | 8 | 1 | S | 45 | 59 | 0.65 | 0.26 | - | |
| Maylor '98 [65] | 1 | block 2 | face identification | 8 | 1 | S | 45 | 59 | 0.75 | 0.25 | - | |
| Maylor '98 [65] | 1 | block 3 | face identification | 8 | 1 | S | 45 | 59 | 0.81 | 0.26 | - | |
| Maylor '98 [65] | 1 | block 4 | face identification | 8 | 1 | S | 45 | 59 | 0.84 | 0.28 | - | |
| Maylor '02 [93] | 1 | movie | movie | 5 | 1 | S | 15 | 15 | 1.00 | 0.92 | - | |
| Maylor '02 [93] | 2 | related | movie | 5 | 1 | S | 10 | 10 | 1.00 | 0.88 | - | |
| Maylor '02 [93] | 2 | unrelated | movie | 5 | 1 | S | 10 | 10 | 0.96 | 0.90 | - | |
| McDermott '04 [39] | 1 | movie | 25-min video | 27 | 27 | L | 30 | 30 | 0.73 | 0.58 | - | |
| Park '97 [19] | 1 | 6-event | WML3 | 6 | 1 | S | 16 | 16 | 0.94 | 0.71 | - | |
| Park '97 [19] | 1 | 12-event | WML3 | 12 | 1 | S | 16 | 16 | 0.92 | 0.87 | - | |
| Rendell '00 [94] | 1 | irregular tasks | virtual week | 70 | 6 | L | 20 | 20 | 0.78 | 0.42 | - | |
| Rendell '00 [94] | 1 | regular tasks | virtual week | 70 | 6 | L | 20 | 20 | 0.93 | 0.82 | - | |
| Salthouse '04 [50] | 1 | concepts | concept ident. | 4 | 1 | S | 255 | 75 | 0.75 | 0.49 | - | |
| Salthouse '04 [50] | 1 | pictures | pictures task | 9 | 1 | S | 255 | 75 | 0.95 | 0.81 | - | |
| Salthouse '04 [50] | 1 | WML3 | WML3 | 24 | 1 | S | 255 | 75 | 0.84 | 0.60 | - | |
| Vogels '02 [95] | 1 | block 1 | letter-monitoring | 12 | 2 | S | 16 | 16 | 0.81 | 0.81 | = | |
| Vogels '02 [95] | 1 | block 2 | letter-monitoring | 12 | 2 | S | 16 | 16 | 0.91 | 0.88 | - | |
| Vogels '02 [95] | 1 | block 3 | letter-monitoring | 12 | 2 | S | 16 | 16 | 0.94 | 0.97 | + | |
| Vogels '02 [95] | 1 | word comp | word-comparison | 20 | 2 | S | 16 | 11 | 0.94 | 0.68 | - | ep(0y,5o) |
| Vogels '02 [95] | 1 | pictures | pictures task | 35 | 1 | S | 16 | 14 | 0.84 | 0.69 | - | ep(0y,2o) |
| Vogels '02 [95] | 1 | no feedback | three-in a row task | 36 | 1 | S | 15 | 13 | 0.84 | 0.86 | + | ep(1y,3o) |
| Vogels '02 [95] | 1 | feedback | three-in a row task | 36 | 1 | S | 15 | 13 | 0.88 | 0.87 | - | ep(1y,3o) |
| West '99a [96] | 1 | w/classification | w/class category | 20 | 2 | S | 24 | 24 | 0.96 | 0.79 | - | |
| West '99a [96] | 2 | w/classification | w/class category | 10 | 2 | S | 12 | 12 | 0.91 | 0.75 | - | |
| West '03 [97] | 1 | w/classification | w/class | 48 | 1 | S | 16 | 16 | 0.73 | 0.46 | - | |
| West '01 [98] | 1 | w/classification | w/class. | 40 | 1 | S | 16 | 16 | 0.95 | 0.83 | - | |
| West '01 [10] | 1 | percep/immed | w/class color | 16 | 4 | S | 20 | 20 | 0.86 | 0.60 | - | |
| West '01 [10] | 1 | sem/immed | w/class color | 16 | 4 | S | 20 | 20 | 0.41 | 0.24 | - | |
| West '01 [10] | 1 | percept/post | w/class color | 16 | 4 | S | 20 | 20 | 0.58 | 0.24 | - | |
| West '01 [10] | 1 | sem/post | w/class color | 16 | 4 | S | 20 | 20 | 0.28 | 0.19 | - | |
| West '01 [10] | 1 | percep/immed | w/class category | 16 | 4 | S | 20 | 20 | 0.89 | 0.58 | - | |
| West '01 [10] | 1 | sem/immed | w/class category | 16 | 4 | S | 20 | 20 | 0.58 | 0.39 | - | |
| West '01 [10] | 1 | percept/post | w/class category | 16 | 4 | S | 20 | 20 | 0.78 | 0.38 | - | |
| West '01 [10] | 1 | sem/post | w/class category | 16 | 4 | S | 20 | 20 | 0.64 | 0.24 | - | |
| West '01 [10] | 2 | percep | w/class color | 16 | 2 | S | 12 | 12 | 0.88 | 0.67 | - | |
| West '01 [10] | 2 | seman | w/class color | 16 | 2 | S | 12 | 12 | 0.70 | 0.41 | - | |
| West '01 [10] | 2 | percept | w/class category | 16 | 2 | S | 12 | 12 | 0.92 | 0.70 | - | |
| West '01 [10] | 2 | seman | w/class category | 16 | 2 | S | 12 | 12 | 0.92 | 0.73 | - | |
| TC Vigilance | ||||||||||||
| d'Ydewalle '95 [99] | 1 | involving | movie | 14 | 1 | S | 12 | 18 | 1.00 | 1.00 | = | e(4y,4o) |
| d'Ydewalle '95 [99] | 1 | boring | movie | 14 | 1 | S | 11 | 17 | 1.00 | 1.00 | = | e(4y,4o) |
| d'Ydewalle '99 [87] | 1 | q&a | q&a | 3 | 3 | S | 30 | 30 | 0.87 | 0.68 | - | |
| d'Ydewalle '99 [87] | 1 | faces | face identification | 3 | 3 | S | 30 | 29 | 0.97 | 0.88 | - | |
| d'Ydewalle '01 [88] | 1 | low complexity | math | 5 | 5 | S | 12 | 12 | 0.64 | 0.40 | - | |
| d'Ydewalle '01 [87] | 1 | high complexity | math | 5 | 5 | S | 12 | 12 | 0.61 | 0.10 | - | |
| Einstein '95 [55] | 1 | WM | WM | 2 | 1 | S | 12 | 12 | 0.92 | 0.63 | - | |
| Logie '04 [89] | 1 | low arithmetic | movie+arithmetics | 5 | 1 | S | 10 | 10 | 1.00 | 1.00 | = | |
| Logie '04 [89] | 1 | high arithmetic | movie+arithmetics | 5 | 1 | S | 10 | 10 | 0.96 | 0.84 | - | |
| Martin '01 [100] | 1 | low complexity | Mastermind | 6 | 1 | S | 30 | 30 | 0.92 | 0.67 | - | |
| Martin '01 [100] | 1 | medium complexity | Mastermind | 6 | 1 | S | 30 | 30 | 0.75 | 0.50 | - | |
| Martin '01 [100] | 1 | high complexity | Mastermind | 6 | 1 | S | 30 | 15 | 0.65 | 0.02 | - | |
| Martin '03 [40] | 1 | w/rating | w/rating | 4 | 1 | S | 40 | 40 | 0.97 | 0.74 | - | |
| Maylor '02 [93] | 1 | movie | movie | 5 | 1 | S | 15 | 15 | 1.00 | 0.70 | - | |
| McDermott '04 [39] | 1 | movie | 25-min video | 1 | 1 | S | 30 | 30 | 0.97 | 0.67 | - | |
| Park '97 [19] | 2 | 6- or 12-intervals | WML3 | 9 | 1 | S | 32 | 32 | 0.63 | 0.34 | - | |
| Park '97 [19] | 2 | 6- or 12-intervals | none | 9 | 1 | S | 24 | 24 | 0.80 | 0.58 | - | |
| Patton '93 [101] a | 1 | stop video | movie | 1 | 1 | S | 24 | 17 | 1.00 | 1.00 | = | |
| Rendell '00 [94] | 1 | time check | virtual week | 70 | 6 | L | 20 | 20 | 0.72 | 0.34 | - |
Note. Confounds: o = ongoing task was easier for older adults; i = older adults were substantially more intelligent than younger adults; dem = older group had higher proportion of participants who scored in dementia range on screening tests; e(6y, 23o) = exclusion of subjects (6 young, 23 old) for various reasons; ep (0y,5o) = exclusion of subjects (0 young, 5 old) because of low ProM performance; item = participants were to request a personal item back but the items varied from participant to participant; #cues = number of ProM cues varied from participant to participant.
Ongoing task: u/t = unrelated tasks; Q&A = questions and answers; PA = paired associates; WM = working memory; E&M STM = Einstein & McDaniel Short Term Memory task (WM task); WML3 = working memory task; WMLVar = working memory task.
a
Patton'93: ProM task was “to shut off the movie after exactly 30 min had elapsed”. However, the article reports only deviation from target shut off time in s. Since the article does not mention that any participants forget to shut off the movie, it is assumed that all did.