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Ba2+ is an adequate substitute for Ca2+. The traces show activation and deactivation of gNa in calcium at two concentrations, and after complete replacement of calcium by barium. Channel block in 20 mM Ba2+ is slightly less than in 20 mM Ca2+ (as can be seen from the initial value of the conductance tails at −60 mV) and deactivation is slightly slower. Solutions: 2Ca 155Na, 20Ca 128Na, and 20Ba 128Na.
