Table 3.

Table 3 Frequency of All Selected Articles According to Outcome Categories and Study Design

Outcome Category	Study Designs with Control										ODWC*
	Specific Study Design	Total	Positive Effect			No Effect	Negative Effect			Mixed Effect
			Demonstrated	Statistically	Mix		Demonstrated	Statistically	Mix
Safety	RCT	1				1 21
	non-RCT	1			1 22
	OWC	2	1 19			1 20
Cost and Efficiency	RCT	4				3 21,28,33			1 29
	non-RCT	5		2 31,25		1 23	1 24			1 30
	OWC	3	1 32	2 26,27
Adherence to Guideline	RCT	4			1 37	3 28,29,33
	non-RCT	4		3 25,35,38		1 30
	OWC	3	2 34,36			1 32
Alert	RCT										6 19,39–43
	non-RCT
	OWC
Time	RCT	1						1 44			1 46
	non-RCT	2						2 31,45
	OWC
Satisfaction, Usage and Usability	RCT	3				2 28,29		1 21			9 25,30,32,33,36,43,44,46,48
	non-RCT	2					1 23	1 35
	OWC	1	1 47
Total	RCT				1	9		2	1		16
	non-RCT			5	1	2	2	3		1
	OWC		5	2		2

ODWC = Observation design without control; OWC = observational with controls.

Controlled Studies are also described by the effects of CPOE.