Table 3.
Table 3 Signals Associated with Laboratory Test Results
| Signal | Number of Studies | PPV Range | p-value Test for Heterogeneity | Overall Estimate of PPV ∗ (95% CI) | Overall Estimate of PPV† (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serum creatinine elevated or increasing | 5 | 0.08–0.39 | <0.01 | — | — |
| Hypoglycemia (as indicated by low or decreasing glucose) | 2 | 0–0.33 | 0.49 | 0.27 (0.27–0.27) | 0.10 (0.00–0.27) |
| Hyperbilirubinemia (as indicated by high or increasing bilirubin) | 4 | 0.05–0.39 | <0.01 | — | — |
| Hyponatremia (as indicated by low or decreasing sodium) | 2 | 0.24–0.33 | 0.72 | 0.25 (0.23–0.28) | 0.25 (0.09–0.41) |
| Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) elevated or increasing | 3 | 0–0.30 | 0.41 | 0.22 (0.14–0.32) | 0.17 (0.08–0.26) |
| Eosinophilia (as indicated by high or increasing eosinophils) | 5 | 0–0.62 | <0.01 | — | — |
| Hyperkalemia (as indicated by high or increasing potassium) | 5 | 0–0.67 | <0.01 | — | — |
| Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevated or increasing | 3 | 0.12–0.38 | <0.01 | — | — |
| Anemia (as indicated by a low or decreasing hemoglobin/hematocrit) | 5 | 0.12–0.30 | 0.14 | 0.19 (0.12–0.29) | 0.16 (0.11–0.22) |
| Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) elevated or increasing | 3 | 0.04–0.92 | <0.01 | — | — |
| Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGTP) elevated or increasing | 4 | 0.03–0.19 | 0.03 | — | — |
| Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level elevated or increasing | 5 | 0–0.31 | <0.01 | — | — |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) elevated or increasing | 4 | 0.01–0.23 | <0.01 | — | — |
| Agranulocytosis or leukopenia (as indicated by low or decreasing white blood cells) | 4 | 0.09–0.5 | 0.15 | 0.11 (0.07–0.17) | 0.10 (0.04–0.15) |
| International normalized ratio (INR) elevated or increasing | 4 | 0.05–1.0 | <0.01 | — | — |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) elevated or increasing | 3 | 0.02–0.17 | 0.06 | 0.06 (0.02–0.14) | 0.03 (0.00–0.06) |
| Thrombocytopenia (as indicated by low or decreasing platelets) | 4 | 0.03–0.12 | 0.01 | — | — |
| Hypocalcemia (as indicated by low or decreasing calcium) | 2 | 0–0.11 | 0.25 | 0.06 (0.02–0.18) | 0.02 (0.00–0.08) |
| Hypokalemia (as indicated by low or decreasing potassium) | 2 | 0–0.03 | 0.86 | 0.03 (0.03–0.03) | 0.03 (0.01–0.04) |
∗ PPV calculated using GEE pooled estimate and CI.
† PPV calculated using fixed effects pooled estimate and CI.
PPV= positive predictive value.