Expression of baculovirus pk2 alleviates the toxic effects of human PKR and yeast GCN2 kinases on yeast cell growth. (A) PK2 inhibition of PKR. A plasmid expressing pk2 under the control of a yeast GAL-CYC1 hybrid promotor (pC201, pk2) or the vector pEMBLyex4 alone (vector) were introduced into strain H2544 (Mata ura3–52 leu2–3,-112 trp1–63 〈GAL-CYC1-PKR/LEU2〉) (24) and transformants were replica-plated to glucose (SD) medium, where PKR and pk2 expression is repressed, or galactose (SGal) medium, where PKR and pk2 expression is induced. Plates were incubated at 30°C for 2 (SD) or 3 (SGal) days. (B) Suppression of a hyperactive GCN2c allele. Plasmids expressing pk2 (pC201, pk2) or gcn2-tk (pC203, gcn2-tk) under the control of the GAL-CYC1 hybrid promotor or the vector pEMBLyex4 alone (vector) were introduced into the isogenic Matα ura3–52 leu2–3,-112 ino1 HIS4-lacZ strains expressing wild-type GCN2 (H1402) (40) or hyperactive GCN2c-E532K-E1522K (H1613) (31). Transformants were streaked on glucose (SD) or galactose (SGal) medium and the plates were incubated at 30°C for 2 (SD) or 4 (SGal) days.