Table 2.

Treatment modalities for the four service formats

Modality	Description	Examples	# Universal programs	# Selected programsa	# Special programsa	# Comp. programsa
Behavioral strategies	Techniques, such as rewards, token economies, contingency contracts, and the like to modify or reduce inappropriate behavior.	Good Behavior Game 15	4	29	13	6
Cognitively-oriented	Focus on changing thinking or cognitive skills; social problem solving; controlling anger, inhibiting hostile attributions, etc.	I Can Problem Solve 16; Coping Power Program 17	54	41	17	9
Social skills training	Help youth better understand social behavior and learn appropriate social skills, e.g., communication skills, conflict management, group entry skills, eye contact, “I” statements, etc.	Social skills training 18; Conflict resolution training 19	17	26	11	11
Counseling, therapy	Traditional group, individual, or family counseling or therapy techniques.	Mental health intervention 20; Group counseling 21	2	26	11	7
Peer mediation	Student conflicts are mediated by a trained student peer.	Peer mediation 22	--	5	--	2
Parent training	Parent skills training and family group counseling; These components were always supplemental to the services received by students in the school setting.	Raising Healthy Children 23; Fast Track 24	--	--	--	11

^aTreatment modalities are not mutually exclusive, except in the universal category where only the focal modality was coded.