TABLE 1.
Characteristics of Participants
| Characteristic | No Diabetes
(N = 5322) |
Total Diabetes Sample
(N = 778) |
White
(N = 153) |
Black
(N = 289) |
Hispanic
(N = 235) |
Chinese
(N = 101) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender, male, n (%) | 2497 (46.9) | 410 (52.7) | 95 (62.1) | 142 (49.1) | 118 (50.2) | 55 (54.5) |
| Education, <8 years, n (%) | 477 (9.0) | 129 (16.6)* | 2 (1.3) | 11 (3.8) | 94 (40.0) | 22 (21.8) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 2136 (40.1) | 510 (65.6)* | 91 (59.5) | 229 (79.2) | 141 (60.0) | 49 (48.5) |
| Oral diabetic medication, n (%) | — | 437 (56.2) | 71 (46.4) | 166 (57.4) | 138 (58.7) | 62 (61.4) |
| Insulin, n (%) | — | 79 (10.2) | 16 (10.5) | 34 (11.8) | 26 (11.1) | 3 (3.0) |
| Current cigarette smoker, n (%) | 676 (12.8) | 92 (11.9) | 15 (9.9) | 44 (15.3) | 26 (11.1) | 7 (6.9) |
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 61.5 ± 102 | 64.0 ± 9.2* | 64.3 ± 9.5 | 63.8 ± 8.9 | 63.4 ± 9.5 | 65.9 ± 9.0 |
| Diabetes duration, years, mean ± SD | — | 8.4 ± 8.1 | 8.5 ± 8.0 | 8.5 ± 8.7 | 8.8 ± 7.8 | 6.5 ± 6.1 |
| Serum glucose, mg/dl, mean ± SD | 95.9 ± 9.8 | 157.1 ± 52.9* | 149.0 ± 50.5 | 155.7 ± 51.4 | 166.0 ± 55.8 | 152.4 ± 51.6 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg, mean ± SD | 125.0 ± 20.9 | 132.5 ± 21.1 | 129.7 ± 20.6 | 135.9 ± 21.3 | 131.6 ± 21.8 | 129.0 ± 18.7 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean ± SD | 28.0 ± 5.3 | 30.7 ± 5.9* | 31.3 ± 5.7 | 31.6 ± 5.4 | 31.6 ± 6.0 | 25.1 ± 3.2 |
| Waist-hip ratio, mean ± SD | 0.92 ± 0.08 | 0.97 ± 0.06* | 0.97 ± 0.07 | 0.96 ± 0.06 | 0.98 ± 0.06 | 0.96 ± 0.06 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl, mean ± SD | 194.8 ± 34.7 | 189.7 ± 39.9* | 189.2 ± 44.4 | 185.9 ± 37.6 | 194.0 ± 41.8 | 191.6 ± 33.2 |
N = number at risk.
*
P < .05 based on χ2 or ANOVA, comparing differences between no diabetes and total diabetes sample.