TABLE 4.

Independent Predictors of Diabetic Retinopathy and Vision-Threatening Retinopathy, Total Diabetes Sample (N = 778)

	Any Retinopathy		Vision-Threatening Retinopathy
Risk Factor	OR (95% CI)*	P Value	OR (95% CI)*	P Value
Age	0.97 (0.95–0.99)	.01	0.99 (0.95–1.02)	.46
Gender, male vs female	1.11 (0.77–1.61)	.58	0.68 (0.36–1.28)	.23
Race
White	1.00	.27	1.00	.13
Black	1.57 (0.94–2.63)		1.84 (0.67–5.05)
Hispanic	1.44 (0.85–2.44)		1.75 (0.63–4.85)
Chinese	1.53 (0.80–2.94)		3.24 (0.93–11.34)
Duration of diabetes, per 10 years	2.98 (2.23–3.98)	<.001	3.72 (2.59–5.34)	<.001
Serum glucose, per 10 mg/dl	1.10 (1.07–1.14)	<.001	1.07 (1.01–1.13)	.02
Waist hip ratio, per 0.1 unit	1.58 (1.17–2.13)	.003	1.77 (1.05–2.98)	.03
Systolic BP, per 10 mmHg	1.08 (0.99–1.17)	.09	1.18 (1.03–1.35)	.02
Use of diabetes medication, yes vs no	1.61 (1.03–2.51)	.04	2.05 (0.66–6.34)	.21

^*Of any retinopathy and vision-threatening retinopathy, adjusted for all variables listed.