Activation of the pR promoter by DnaA protein in vitro in the presence (•) and absence (▴) of the DnaA-binding sequence downstream of the promoter. Template DNA (0.5 μg) and indicated amounts of DnaA protein were used. Similar results were obtained when different templates, all derived from pR–HG and its analogue bearing the scrambled DnaA box, were used: EcoRI–Bsu36I fragments, the plasmids linearized with Bsu36I, and the plasmids linearized with ClaI (the lengths of pR-derived transcripts were 512, 512 and 1112 nucleotides, respectively). EcoRI site is located upstream of pR and Bsu36I and ClaI sites are located in the lacZ gene of plasmid pR–HG and its analogue. Average data from seven experiments are presented; appropriate bands on the autoradiograms were quantified by densitometry.