Table 1.

Statistical analysis of PPAR-$\alpha$, -$\beta$, and -$\gamma$ immunostaining.

		Tumor	Blood vessel	Stromal tissue
PPAR-$\alpha$	PC ($N=156$)
	Low group $N=50$)	$2.2\pm 0.6$	$2.0\pm 0.9$	$2.0\pm 0.9$
	Middle group $N=54$)	$2.4\pm 0.7$	$2.3\pm 0.7$	$1.9\pm 0.6$
	High group $N=52$)	$2.3\pm 0.7$	$1.9\pm 0.6$	$2.0\pm 0.8$
	PIN ($N=15$)	$1.9\pm 0.6$	$1.8\pm 0.6$	$1.7\pm 0.7$
	BPH ($N=20$)	$2.1\pm 0.6$	$1.7\pm 0.5$	$1.7\pm 0.5$
	NP ($N=12$)	Not present	$2.1\pm 0.7$	$2.2\pm 1.1$
PPAR-$\beta$	PC ($N=156$)
	Low group $N=50$)	$2.0\pm 1.0$	$1.7\pm 0.7$	$1.9\pm 0.6$
	Middle group $N=54$)	$2.3\pm 1.2$	$1.6\pm 0.7$	$1.8\pm 0.7$
	High group $N=52$)	$2.1\pm 1.0$	$1.7\pm 0.6$	$1.8\pm 0.9$
	PIN ($N=15$)	$2.2\pm 0.8$	$1.8\pm 0.9$	$1.8\pm 0.7$
	BPH ($N=20$)	$2.0\pm 0.7$	$1.9\pm 0.8$	$1.6\pm 0.7$
	NP ($N=12$)	Not present	$1.9\pm 0.7$	$1.9\pm 0.8$
PPAR-$\gamma$	PC ($N=156$)
	Low group $N=50$)	$2.6\pm 0.7$*	$1.8\pm 0.9$*	$1.8\pm 0.7$*
	Middle group $N=54$)	$2.7\pm 0.9$*	$1.8\pm 0.8$*	$1.9\pm 0.9$*
	High group $N=52$)	$3.3\pm 1.0$*	$2.0\pm 0.8$*	$1.7\pm 0.9$*
	PIN ($N=15$)	$2.5\pm 0.8$*	$1.9\pm 0.8$*	$1.7\pm 0.9$*
	BPH ($N=20$)	$0.8\pm 0.6$	$0.6\pm 0.5$	$0.7\pm 0.5$
	NP ($N=12$)	Not present	$0.5\pm 0.4$	$0.5\pm 0.3$

* Graded 0–4 on the coded sections by two blind observers. 0, no staining; 4+, maximum intensity. Statistical analysis was performed using the ANOVA ($p$-value). PPAR-$\alpha$ and -$\beta$ immunostaining were significantly intense in all cases. There were no differnces among PC, PIN, BPH and NP. PPAR-$\gamma$ immunostainings of tumor were significantly more extensive and intense in PC and in PIN than in tissue of BPH or NP. PPAR-$\gamma$ staining was high in blood vessels and stromal tissues of PC and PIN, with no significant difference between them. However, the expressions of the PPAR-$\gamma$ in the blood vessels and stromal tissues from BPH and NP were at the basic level. (* $P<.01$).