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Multivariable analysis among former smokers
| Variables Included | Model Coefficient | p value |
| B0 | 1342 | 0.07 |
| COPD (vs. Healthy) | -539 | 0.04 |
| ICS use | 398 | 0.046 |
| Age | -10 | 0.34 |
| Sex | 110 | 0.53 |
| Race (African-American vs. White) | 216 | 0.26 |
| Tobacco (pack-years) | 2.0 | 0.52 |
