Table 1.

Protein-osmolyte excluded volumes

Osmolyte	MM (g mole−1)	rM,calca (Å)	−dMA,bouy/dCMb (g L mole−2)	BA,Mc,e (L mole−1)	rA,Md,e (Å)
TMAO	111	2.7	140 ± 100	32 ± 24	38 ± 10
betaine	135	3.1	270 ± 80	13 ± 4	17 ± 2
glucose	180	3.2	800 ± 100	12 ± 2	17 ± 1
sucrose	342	4.0	1400 ± 500	10 ± 4	16 ± 2
melezitose	504	4.6	1900 ± 700	10 ± 3	16 ± 2
stachyose	667	5.0	−2400 ± 800	−9 ± 3	naf

^a Osmolytes radii (r_M,calc) were calculated by using the method of Edward (1970).

^b The uncertainties for −dM_A,bouy/dC_M are the standard deviations for a linear regression of the buoyant molecular weight of cytochrome c on osmolyte concentration.

^cB_A,M was calculated from −dM_A,bouy/dC_M by using equation 1.

^dr_A,M was calculated from B_A,M by using the equation and applying the assumptions discussed in the text.

^e The uncertainties for B_A,M and r_A,M are from propagating the uncertainties (Taylor 1982) in −dM_A,bouy/dC_M through equation 1 and then through the equation in footnote d.

^f Not applicable.