Association constants for tetramer–dimer assembly as a function of pH. Dissociation constants (Kd) measured as in Figure 4 ▶, were determined at each pH indicated and then converted to association constants (Ka=1/Kd). The data for α2γ2 (HbF) (dashed line), α2β2 (HbA), and α2γ2AcG (HbF1) have been reported previously (Manning and Manning 2001). The symbols for each sample are α2γ2, ▴; α2β2, ▵; α2γ2AcG, x; α2β2A,•; α2β2AcS, ▪; α2AcSβ2, □, α2Aβ2, ○.