TABLE 2—
Results of Weighted Logistic Regression Analysis of Unfair Treatment, Racial/Ethnic Discrimination, Ethnic Identification, and Current Smoking Among Asian Americans: National Latino and Asian American Study, 2002–2003
| Model 1, OR (95% CI) | Model 2, OR (95% CI) | Model 3, OR (95% CI) | Model 4, OR (95% CI) | |
| Unfair treatment | ||||
| None (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Low | 1.15 (0.50, 2.62) | 1.12 (0.50, 2.52) | 1.10 (0.48, 2.52) | |
| Moderate | 1.23 (0.44, 3.45) | 1.21 (0.46, 3.19) | 1.19 (0.44, 3.20) | |
| High | 2.62 (1.12, 6.17) | 2.80 (1.13, 6.95) | 2.80 (1.13, 6.92) | |
| Discrimination | ||||
| None (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Low | 1.22 (0.67, 2.25) | 1.14 (0.66, 1.99) | 1.12 (0.66, 1.93) | |
| Moderate | 1.01 (0.53, 1.95) | 0.80 (0.46, 1.40) | 0.79 (0.45, 1.37) | |
| High | 3.06 (1.07, 8.72) | 2.40 (0.94, 6.12) | 2.38 (0.92, 6.14) | |
| Ethnic identification | ||||
| Low (Ref) | ||||
| High | 0.79 (0.52, 1.19) | |||
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Chinese (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Filipino | 1.51 (0.78, 2.93) | 1.63 (0.82, 3.20) | 1.52 (0.75, 3.08) | 1.54 (0.74, 3.19) |
| Vietnamese | 1.16 (0.69, 1.93) | 1.11 (0.71, 1.74) | 1.12 (0.67, 1.87) | 1.16 (0.68, 1.97) |
| Other single Asian ethnicity | 1.22 (0.74, 2.01) | 1.26 (0.77, 2.06) | 1.24 (0.73, 2.10) | 1.25 (0.73, 2.13) |
| Multiethnic/racial | 1.24 (0.66, 2.31) | 1.35 (0.73, 2.51) | 1.27 (0.66, 2.45) | 1.26 (0.65, 2.44) |
| Age, y | 0.98 (0.96, 1.00) | 0.98 (0.96, 1.00) | 0.98 (0.96, 1.00) | 0.98 (0.93, 1.00) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Single | 1.03 (0.62, 1.74) | 1.15 (0.72, 1.84) | 1.03 (0.62, 1.72) | 1.02 (0.62, 1.68) |
| Widowed/separated/divorced | 1.58 (0.90, 2.78) | 1.59 (0.91, 2.78) | 1.62 (0.93, 2.80) | 1.62 (0.93, 2.83) |
| Nativity | ||||
| US born (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Foreign born | 1.59 (1.01, 2.53) | 1.61 (0.99, 2.63) | 1.72 (1.10, 2.69) | 1.78 (1.11, 2.86) |
| Gender | ||||
| Women (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Men | 0.80 (0.45, 1.45) | 0.80 (0.45, 1.43) | 0.82 (0.45, 1.51) | 0.81 (0.45, 1.46) |
| Gender × nativity | 0.26 (0.10, 0.68) | 0.25 (0.09, 0.66) | 0.25 (0.09, 0.66) | 0.25 (0.09, 0.67) |
| Region of residence | ||||
| West (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Midwest | 1.39 (0.88, 2.20) | 1.45 (0.84, 2.48) | 1.38 (0.87, 2.18) | 1.38 (0.88, 2.18) |
| Northeast | 1.36 (0.72, 2.55) | 1.37 (0.74, 2.53) | 1.32 (0.65, 2.68) | 1.31 (0.63, 2.70) |
| South | 0.97 (0.44, 2.15) | 0.96 (0.42, 2.19) | 0.96 (0.43, 2.18) | 0.94 (0.42, 2.11) |
| Poverty statusa | ||||
| Nonpoor (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Near poor | 1.53 (0.82, 2.83) | 1.47 (0.84, 2.59) | 1.54 (0.82, 2.89) | 1.53 (0.83, 2.85) |
| Poor | 0.86 (0.53, 1.41) | 0.86 (0.54, 1.38) | 0.86 (0.53, 1.40) | 0.85 (0.52, 1.39) |
| Missing | 0.69 (0.39, 1.19) | 0.65 (0.36, 1.18) | 0.70 (0.40, 1.22) | 0.68 (0.38, 1.21) |
| Employment status | ||||
| Employed (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Unemployed | 1.14 (0.58, 2.23) | 1.12 (0.58, 2.19) | 1.16 (0.60, 2.27) | 1.14 (0.57, 2.26) |
| Out of labor force | 0.32 (0.13, 0.78) | 0.30 (0.13, 0.71) | 0.32 (0.13, 0.75) | 0.31 (0.13, 0.75) |
| Missing | 1.38 (0.67, 2.83) | 1.41 (0.72, 2.75) | 1.38 (0.68, 2.82) | 1.37 (0.67, 2.82) |
| Education, y | ||||
| ≥ 16 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 13–15 | 1.29 (0.79, 2.09) | 1.27 (0.82, 1.96) | 1.27 (0.79, 2.05) | 1.24 (0.77, 2.01) |
| 12 | 2.39 (1.48, 3.85) | 2.46 (1.53, 3.96) | 2.42 (1.49, 3.92) | 2.32 (1.42, 3.78) |
| < 12 | 2.56 (1.26, 5.21) | 2.59 (1.22, 5.49) | 2.57 (1.24, 5.33) | 2.50 (1.18, 5.30) |
| Insurance | ||||
| Private (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Public | 0.87 (0.50, 1.52) | 0.89 (0.52, 1.51) | 0.87 (0.50, 1.51) | 0.87 (0.51, 1.49) |
| Uninsured | 2.14 (1.37, 3.33) | 2.18 (1.40, 3.39) | 2.16 (1.37, 3.41) | 2.20 (1.40, 3.48) |
| Missing | 1.45 (0.62, 3.41) | 1.44 (0.66, 3.13) | 1.51 (0.66, 3.48) | 1.51 (0.66, 3.46) |
| English proficiency | 0.98 (0.71, 1.35) | 0.96 (0.70, 1.32) | 0.97 (0.70, 1.35) | 0.96 (0.69, 1.33) |
| Social desirability | 1.02 (0.92, 1.12) | 1.02 (0.92, 1.13) | 1.02 (0.92, 1.13) | 1.02 (0.92, 1.13) |
Note. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval. See “Methods” section for information about how variables were measured. Model 1 examined the effect of unfair treatment on current smoking and controlled for sociodemographic characteristics. Model 2 examine the effect of raciallethnic discrimination on current smoking and controlled for sociodemographic characteristics. Model 3 examined the effect of unfair treatment and raciallethnic discrimination on current smoking and controlled for sociodemographic characteristics. Model 4 examined the effect of unfair treatment, raciallethnic discrimination, and ethnic identification simultaneously in relation to current smoking and controlled for sociodemographic characteristics.
aThis is the ratio of household income to poverty threshold based on the 2000 US Census.