TABLE 1—
Risk Factors for Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy: National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, 2001–2002
| Regression Analyses of Smoking During Pregnancya | ||||||
| Sample Distribution,b % (No.)c | Prevalence of Smoking DuringPregnancy, % (No.)c | Model 1, PR (95% CI) | Model 2, PR (95% CI) | Model 3,d PR (95% CI) | Model 4,e PR (95% CI) | |
| Demographic factors | ||||||
| Age, y | ||||||
| 18–23 | 28.1 (131) | 16.7 (20) | 0.86 (0.31, 2.38) | 0.80 (0.28, 2.30) | 1.16 (0.63, 2.16) | 1.14 (0.62, 2.11) |
| 24–30 | 39.6 (172) | 15.1 (20) | 1.64 (0.74, 3.66) | 1.47 (0.66, 3.30) | 1.64 (0.98, 2.75) | 1.54 (0.92, 2.57) |
| ≥ 31 (Reference) | 32.2 (150) | 5.2 (10) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Black | 14.3 (93) | 15.6 (13) | 0.52 (0.28, 0.96) | 0.58 (0.32, 1.05) | 1.26 (0.82, 1.95) | 1.27 (0.86, 1.89) |
| Other | 26.3 (154) | 2.4 (4) | 0.11 (0.03, 0.38) | 0.12 (0.03, 0.42) | 0.46 (0.14, 1.52) | 0.48 (0.15, 1.55) |
| White (Reference) | 59.4 (206) | 16.0 (33) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Educational attainment | ||||||
| Less than high school | 15.4 (82) | 36.0 (18) | 7.87 (3.20, 19.38) | 8.67 (3.45, 21.81) | 2.16 (1.25, 3.73) | 1.99 (1.22, 3.25) |
| GED or high school degree | 29.1 (139) | 15.2 (22) | 2.80 (1.07, 7.36) | 2.93 (1.14, 7.52) | 1.17 (0.69, 1.96) | 1.13 (0.68, 1.90) |
| Some college or more (Reference) | 55.5 (232) | 4.3 (10) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Not married | 18.8 (117) | 29.8 (27) | 2.52 (1.43, 4.45) | 2.28 (1.32, 3.95) | 1.46 (0.95, 2.24) | 1.36 (0.94, 1.96) |
| Married (Reference) | 81.2 (336) | 8.3 (23) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Employment status | ||||||
| Unemployed, student, not in labor force | 5.1 (22) | 39.3 (7) | 0.95 (0.55, 1.65) | 0.93 (0.52, 1.67) | 0.77 (0.51, 1.16) | 0.79 (0.54, 1.15) |
| Employed (Reference) | 94.9 (431) | 10.9 (43) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Household income | ||||||
| < 150% of the US poverty level | 31.6 (153) | 18.7 (28) | 1.91 (0.92, 3.93) | 1.84 (0.93, 3.65) | 1.28 (0.90, 1.83) | 1.27 (0.92, 1.76) |
| < Median income ($40 000) | 23.3 (117) | 13.4 (12) | 1.45 (0.61, 3.42) | 1.27 (0.52, 3.11) | 1.11 (0.66, 1.87) | 1.11 (0.67, 1.85) |
| ≥ Median income ($40 000) (Reference) | 45.2 (183) | 7.4 (10) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Psychiatric and substance disorders | ||||||
| Mood or anxiety disorder (current year) | ||||||
| Yes | 18.0 (89) | 22.1 (16) | 1.18 (0.67, 2.06) | 0.67 (0.41, 1.07) | 0.69 (0.43, 1.10) | |
| No (Reference) | 82.0 (364) | 10.2 (34) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Alcohol or substance disorder (current year) | ||||||
| Yes | 3.7 (17) | 42.1 (7) | 2.74 (1.32, 5.69) | 0.98 (0.65, 1.47) | 0.98 (0.66, 1.46) | |
| No (Reference) | 96.3 (436) | 11.2 (43) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Nicotine dependence (current year) | ||||||
| Yes | 4.68 (1.96, 11.16) | 2.63 (1.25, 5.54) | ||||
| No (Reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Smoking history (among lifetime daily smokers) | ||||||
| Onset of daily smoking by age 14 years | ||||||
| Yes | NA | 71.0 (17) | 1.51 (0.99, 2.30) | 1.62 (1.06, 2.46) | ||
| No (Reference) | NA | 40.0 (32) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Smoke ≥ 1 pack/day (current year) | ||||||
| Yes | NA | 64.3 (21) | 1.00 (0.65, 1.52) | 0.93 (0.63, 1.37) | ||
| No (Reference) | NA | 32.2 (28) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Notes. PR =prevalence ratio; CI = confidence interval; GED = general equivalency diploma; NA = not applicable.
aResults from Poisson regression models. Regression coefficients, when exponentiated, are interpreted as prevalence ratios.
bSample of 453 pregnant women; number who smoked today = 50 (weighted percent = 12.3).
cWeighted percentages and actual sample sizes are given.
dEstimated among the sample of 122 lifetime daily smokers.
eEstimated among the sample of 92 current-year smokers.