TABLE 5—
Adjusted Odds Ratios (ORs) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) for Prevalence of Visual Impairment and Ever Being Diagnosed With Selected Eye Diseases Among US Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2002
| Visual Impairment | Cataract | Glaucoma | Macular Degeneration | Diabetic Retinopathya | ||||||
| OR (95% CI) | Pb | OR (95% CI) | Pb | OR (95% CI) | Pb | OR (95% CI) | Pb | OR (95% CI) | Pb | |
| Age group, y | ||||||||||
| 18–44 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 45–54 | 2.17* (1.90, 2.47) | 4.78* (3.49, 6.54) | 3.51* (2.23, 5.52) | 2.14* (1.05, 4.39) | 1.19 (0.64, 2.20) | |||||
| 55–64 | 1.73* (1.49, 2.01) | 17.04* (12.92, 22.48) | 6.70* (4.34, 10.35) | 4.60* (2.58, 8.22) | 1.22 (0.71, 2.09) | |||||
| 65–74 | 2.22* (1.89, 2.61) | 71.86* (55.05, 93.80) | 14.55* (9.73, 21.76) | 15.97* (9.34, 27.31) | 1.49 (0.86, 2.58) | |||||
| ≥ 75 | 3.34* (2.87, 3.88) | <.001 | 186.53* (143.55, 242.38) | <.001 | 29.28* (19.64, 43.67) | <.001 | 51.30* (31.03, 84.82) | <.001 | 1.18 (0.68, 2.05) | .37 |
| Gender | ||||||||||
| Men (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Women | 1.31* (1.19, 1.45) | 1.36* (1.22, 1.53) | 1.20 (0.99, 1.45) | 1.28 (0.99, 1.66) | 1.14 (0.80, 1.62) | |||||
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.09 (0.93, 1.27) | 0.69* (0.58, 0.83) | 2.27* (1.78, 2.90) | 0.40* (0.23, 0.67) | 1.08 (0.70, 1.67) | |||||
| Hispanic | 0.69* (0.59, 0.81) | 0.50* (0.40, 0.62) | 0.95 (0.70, 1.30) | 0.54* (0.30, 0.96) | 1.30 (0.76, 2.21) | |||||
| Income level | ||||||||||
| Below 200% of FPL | 1.51* (1.34, 1.70) | 1.17* (1.03, 1.33) | 1.05 (0.83, 1.33) | 0.89 (0.66, 1.22) | 1.20 (0.84, 1.73) | |||||
| Above 200% of FPL (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Education level | ||||||||||
| Less than high school | 1.74* (1.47, 2.05) | 1.23* (1.03, 1.48) | 1.08 (0.79, 1.49) | 0.80 (0.54, 1.19) | 1.03 (0.58, 1.83) | |||||
| High school graduate | 1.29* (1.11, 1.49) | 1.08 (0.92, 1.26) | 1.01 (0.76, 1.35) | 0.92 (0.65, 1.29) | 0.64 (0.36, 1.14) | |||||
| Some college or associate’s degree | 1.23* (1.06, 1.42) | 1.18 (1.00, 1.39) | 0.91 (0.66, 1.24) | 1.02 (0.70, 1.47) | 0.96 (0.59, 1.66) | |||||
| Bachelor’s degree or higher (Ref) | 1.00 | <.001 | 1.00 | .06 | 1.00 | .50 | 1.00 | .22 | 1.00 | .72 |
| Diagnosed diabetes | ||||||||||
| Persons with diabetes | 2.20* (1.91, 2.54) | 2.23* (1.90, 2.62) | 1.93* (1.50, 2.47) | 1.13 (0.81, 1.56) | NA | |||||
| Persons without diabetes (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | NA | |||||
Note. FPL = federal poverty level; NA = not applicable. ORs are adjusted for all other variables in the model.
aLogistic regression analyses for diabetic retinopathy included only persons with diagnosed diabetes.
bFor test of linear trend.
*P < .05 (2-tailed).