Table 3.
Risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among participants reporting potentially traumatic events occurring between the ages of 26–32 (n=239)
| Trauma, no PTSD (n=204) | PTSD (n=35) | Trauma, no PTSD versus PTSD Univariate OR (95% CI) adjusted for sex | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neurodevelopmental | |||
| Stanford–Binet IQ age 5, z score, mean (S.D.) | 0.03 (0.99) | −0.40 (0.99) | 0.6 (0.4–1.0)* |
| WISC full-scale IQ, average ages 7, 9, 11, z score, mean (S.D.) | −0.01 (0.98) | −0.18 (0.84) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) |
| Childhood temperament and behavior | |||
| Difficult temperament, average ages 3, 5 (% highest quartile) | 25.0 (51) | 37.1 (13) | 1.8 (0.9–3.9) |
| Teacher-rated antisocial behavior, average ages 5, 7, 9, 11 (% highest quartile) | 26.1 (53) | 42.9 (15) | 2.1 (1.0–4.4)* |
| Teacher-rated as unpopular (% highest quartile) | 22.2 (45) | 28.6 (10) | 1.4 (0.6–3.1) |
| Family environment | |||
| Socio-economic status, averages ages 1–15 | |||
| Highest+high (reference) | 43.6 (89) | 25.7 (9) | 1.0 |
| Medium v. highest or high | 39.2 (80) | 40.0 (14) | 1.7 (0.7–4.2) |
| Low v. highest or high | 17.2 (35) | 34.3 (12) | 3.4 (1.3–8.7)* |
| Mother’s internalizing symptoms, ages 5–11 (% highest quartile) | 34.3 (70) | 24.2 (8) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) |
| Resident changes birth to age 11 (%) | |||
| None+1 (reference) | 49.5 (101) | 48.6 (17) | 1.0 |
| 2 or more v. none or 1 | 50.5 (103) | 51.4 (18) | 1.1 (0.5–2.2) |
| Any parent change from birth to age 11 (%) | 21.0 (39) | 22.6 (7) | 1.1 (0.4–2.8) |
| Lost a parent before age 11 (%) | 19.6 (40) | 17.1 (6) | 0.8 (0.3–2.2) |
OR, Odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; WISC, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.
*
p<0.05.