Table 2.

Historical population expansion by clade

	Upland	Lowland	Southeastern
Mean (obs.)	11.796	5.858	10.000
τ	11.250 (5.356 – 22.945)	2.180 (0.534 – 4.627)	3.000 (0.430 – 3.160)
θ0	4.945	0.002	0.219
θ1	4.962	4.003	0.290
SSD	0.047 P = 0.458	0.044 P = 0.056	0.155 P = 0.030
Raggedness Index	0.045 P = 0.640	0.142 P = 0.107	0.667 P = 0.620
t (MYA)	0.793 (0.378 – 1.618)	0.154 (0.038 – 0.326)	------
Fu's F	2.686 P = 0.880	-1.547 P = 0.324	8.007 P = 0.99
Tajima's D	-1.707 P > 0.05	-0.834 P > 0.01	------

Mismatch analysis parameters by clade: mean number of observed differences; expansion parameter τ (with upper and lower bounds at α = 0.05); θ is the substitution rate before (0) and after (1) the expansion; SSD tests the validity of a stepwise expansion model based on the sum of squares deviations between the observed and expected mismatch, with probability values (P). Non-significant mismatch values suggest population expansion. Raggedness Index is calculated similarly, and with probability values (P). Non-significant raggedness values suggest population expansion. Time since lineage expansion (t) is calculated from τ = 2μt, where μ = 1.0%/MYR for 709 bp. Under a model of sudden population expansion, Fu's F and Tajima's D are expected to be significantly negative. Some parameters are not estimated for the Southeastern Clade because of small sample sizes.