Table 1.

Participants (pseudonyms) and Practices Represented

Participant	Age Range	Gender	Ownership	Practice Role
Practice 1 2 MDs			Region: Northeast urban
Alice	40–44	Female	Partner	Clinician/physician
Barry	45–49	Male	Owner	Clinician/physician
Practice 2 solo			Region: Southeast suburban
Carl	35–39	Male	Owner	Clinician/physician
Diane	45–49	Female	Employee	Clerical staff
Elaine	25–29	Female	Employee	Clinical support
Practice 3 solo			Region: Northwest suburban
Fran	55 or older	Female	Owner	Clinician/nurse practitioner
Gail	30–34	Female	Employee	Clerical staff
Hannah	45–49	Female	Employee	Clinical support
Practice 4	>3 MDs		Region: Northwest large town
Ida	55 or older	Female	Employee	Clinical support
Jack	40–44	Male	Owner	Clinician/physician
Kathy	30–34	Female	Employee	Clerical staff
Linda	45–49	Female	Employee	Clinical support
Michael	40–44	Male	Partner	Clinician/physician
Nancy	50–54	Female	Employee	Clerical staff
Practice 5	>3 MDs		Region: Northwest small town
Olive	45–49	Female	Employee	Clinician/physician assistant
Paula	45–49	Female	Employee	Clinical support
Rita	35–39	Female	Employee	Clerical staff
Sally	35–39	Female	Employee	Clerical staff
Tom	30–34	Male	Partner	Clinician/physician
Practice 6	2 MDs		Region: Midwest rural
Uma	20–24	Female	Employee	Clinical support
Valerie	45–49	Female	Owner	Clinician/physician
Xena	45–49	Female	Employee	Clerical staff
Yolanda	40–44	Female	Employee	Clinical support
Practice 7	2 MDs		Region: Midwest urban
Andrew	50–54	Male	Owner	Clinician/physician
Betty	50–54	Female	Partner	Clinician/physician
Zoe	30–34	Female	Employee	Clerical staff
Practice 8	solo		Region: Southeast large town
Glenn	50–54	Male	Owner	Clinician/physician
Dana	20–24	Female	Employee	Clinical support