Table 1.
Losses in Tribolium and its (Coleoptera/Diptera) ancestor mapped to pathways using human orthologs
| Pathway | Source | Genes | Total | Only in beetle | Significance |
| Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction | KEGG | NPFFR1, NPFFR2, BZRP, TSPO, GALR1, GALR2, GALR3 | 6 | 6 | 0.099 |
| ABC transporters - general | KEGG | ABCA1, ABCA4, ABCA12, ABCC5, ABCC12 | 5 | 3 | 4.73E-005* |
| Oxidative phosphorylation | KEGG | ATP6V0E, UCRC (7.2 kDa), NDUFA7, COX7C | 4 | 4 | 0.04 |
| Cell cycle | KEGG | CDC7, CCNE1, DBF4 | 3 | 3 | 0.12 |
| Folate biosynthesis/starch and sucrose metabolism | KEGG | RAD54B, SETX | 2 | 2 | 0.06 |
| Alkaloid biosynthesis II | KEGG | DDHD1, SLC27A2 | 2 | 0 | 0.02† |
| Regulation of actin cytoskeleton | KEGG | FGD1, IQGAP1 | 2 | 0 | |
| Cholera - infection | KEGG | ATP6V0E1, TRIM23 | 2 | 1 | 0.06 |
| Purine metabolism | KEGG | PDE1C, POLR2L | 2 | 2 | 0.49 |
| Ribosome | KEGG | RPL29, RPL39 | 2 | 2 | 0.53 |
| Neurodegenerative disorders | KEGG | BCL2L1, NGFR | 2 | 0 | 0.06 |
| Propanoate metabolism | KEGG | MLYCD, SLC27A2 | 2 | 0 | 0.07 |
| Methionine metabolism | KEGG | DNMT1, DNMT3B | 2 | 0 | |
| Oxidative stress induced gene expression via Nrf2 | Biocarta | HMOX1, NGFR | 2 | 1 | 0.02† |
The statistical significance of the coordinated losses of at least two genes per pathway was calculated using hypergeometric test (* p < 0.01,†p < 0.05).