TABLE 3.
GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES CHARACTERISTIC OF BACTERIAL INFECTION MODELS
| Description | Symbol | LPS, Aerosolized | LPS, i.p. | P. aeruginosa | M. tuberculosis | M. pulmonis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NF-κB pathway–related genes | ||||||
| Ligands | ||||||
| IL-1α | Il1a | 2.5* | 1.9 | 12.3* | 2.5* | 11.5* |
| IL-1β | Il1b | 7.2* | 15.3* | 18.1* | 3.5* | 20.7* |
| TNF | Tnf | 5.3* | 5.8* | 36.9* | 7.7* | 29.7* |
| Receptors | ||||||
| CD14 | Cd14 | 10.4* | 8.2* | 5.6* | 2.9* | 12.7* |
| IL-1 receptor type II | Il1r2 | 5.7* | 5.8* | 6.1* | 1.6 | 15.7* |
| Signaling from receptors to NF-κB | ||||||
| Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 | Myd88 | 2.9* | 3.4* | 2.4* | 1.7 | 3.0* |
| Sphingosine kinase 1† | Sphk1 | 2.9* | 4.1* | 3.0* | 1.1 | 2.1* |
| TRAF family member–associated NF-κB activator | Tank | 1.8* | 2.6* | 1.5 | 1.7* | 1.7* |
| TRAF type zinc finger domain containing 1 | Trafd1 | 2.2* | 3.2* | 1.4 | 2.5* | 3.1* |
| Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 2 | Birc2 | 1.8* | 2.8* | 2.1* | 1.1 | 1.6* |
| Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 3 | Birc3 | 2.3* | 2.0* | 3.9* | 1.1 | 2.0* |
| NF-κB/Rel/IkB family members | ||||||
| NF of κ light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 2, p49/p100 | Nfkb2 | 4.0* | 4.3* | 3.4* | 1.6 | 2.8* |
| NF of κ light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cell inhibitor, zeta | Nfkbiz | 3.9* | 8.7* | 17.6* | 2.5* | 6.5* |
| Avian reticuloendotheliosis viral (v-rel) oncogene related B | Relb | 3.8* | 3.5* | 3.5* | 1.7 | 2.4* |
| Regulators of NF-κB/IκB | ||||||
| B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 10 | Bcl10 | 1.8 | 2.1* | 2.3* | 1.8* | 1.9* |
| Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8 | Map3k8 | 2.2* | 4.5* | 3.0* | 1.4 | 3.7* |
| Transglutaminase 2, C polypeptide | Tgm2 | 2.4* | 2.4* | 1.3 | 2.2* | 2.5* |
| Genes induced by the NF-κB pathway | ||||||
| Growth arrest and DNA damage–inducible 45β | Gadd45b | 2.6* | 2.6* | 4.5* | 1.0 | 3.3* |
| MARCKS-like 1 | Marcksl1 | 4.0* | 10.2* | 3.2* | 1.4 | 4.5* |
| Pentaxin-related gene | Ptx3 | 4.1* | 6.2* | 4.2* | 1.4 | 3.8* |
| Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 | Ptgs2 | 1.9 | 4.6* | 14.3* | 2.5* | 3.8* |
| Radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2 | Rsad2 | 6.4* | 30.1* | 1.9 | 2.9* | 5.9* |
| Superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial | Sod2 | 3.3* | 4.6* | 2.6* | 2.0* | 3.5* |
| Thymidylate kinase family LPS-inducible member | Tyki | 5.6* | 19.6* | 1.3 | 3.7* | 3.9* |
| TNF-α–induced protein 2 | Tnfaip2 | 8.3* | 5.5* | 5.4* | 3.7* | 4.4* |
| TNF-α–induced protein 3 | Tnfaip3 | 3.3* | 9.3* | 14.6* | 2.1* | 7.4* |
| IFN-related genes | ||||||
| IFN-α and -β receptor 2 | Ifnar2 | 1.6 | 2.4* | 2.0* | 2.1* | 1.9* |
| IFN-dependent positive-acting transcription factor 3g | Isgf3g | 2.2* | 2.9* | 1.5 | 2.0* | 2.1* |
| IFN-γ–induced GTPase | Igtp | 2.8* | 4.6* | 1.7 | 2.6* | 2.9* |
| IFN regulatory factor 1 | Irf1 | 2.9* | 4.9* | 4.9* | 3.6* | 4.2* |
| IFN-induced protein 35† | Ifi35 | 1.9* | 3.1* | 1.2 | 2.0* | 1.8* |
| IFN-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3 | Ifit3 | 3.2* | 6.1* | 1.4 | 2.1* | 2.7* |
| IL-18 receptor accessory protein | Il18rap | 1.9* | 2.3* | 3.7* | 1.6 | 3.5* |
| Ubiquitin-specific protease 18 | Usp18 | 3.4* | 9.9* | 1.2 | 2.5* | 3.4* |
| Other cytokines and receptors | ||||||
| Colony-stimulating factor 1 (macrophage) | Csf1 | 3.0* | 3.3* | 4.4* | 2.2* | 1.5 |
| Colony-stimulating factor 3 (granulocyte) | Csf3 | 3.8* | 8.6* | 7.5* | 1.6 | 4.2* |
| NF, IL-3, regulated | Nfil3 | 2.5* | 4.5* | 4.4* | 1.2 | 2.0* |
| Pre–B-cell colony–enhancing factor 1 | Pbef1 | 2.1* | 4.1* | 1.8 | 2.3* | 3.3* |
| Leukocyte adhesion, migration, and activation | ||||||
| CD80 antigen | Cd80 | 2.3* | 2.5* | 2.7* | 1.2 | 1.7* |
| Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 | Ccl20 | 4.8* | 2.6* | 17.1* | 1.7 | 7.8* |
| C-type lectin domain family 4, member e | Clec4e | 1.5 | 2.1* | 4.0* | 1.6* | 9.3* |
| Killer cell lectin-like receptor, subfamily A, member 2 | Klra2 | 1.0 | 2.2* | 1.9* | 3.9* | 3.2* |
| Lectin, galactose binding, soluble 9 | Lgals9 | 2.1* | 5.2* | 1.1 | 3.5* | 2.2* |
| Matrix metallopeptidase 8 | Mmp8 | 4.0* | 11.3* | 7.1* | 1.5 | 18.0* |
| Paired Ig-like type 2 receptor α | Pilra | 2.2* | 2.0* | 2.5* | 2.6* | 3.6* |
| S100 calcium binding protein A8 (calgranulin A) | S100a8 | 8.2* | 5.7* | 5.1* | 1.7 | 18.7* |
| S100 calcium binding protein A9 (calgranulin B) | S100a9 | 15.8* | 42.0* | 8.9* | 2.3 | 19.3* |
| Selectin, lymphocyte | Sell | 3.0* | 9.0* | 3.9* | 1.2 | 4.2* |
| Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin E† | Siglece | 1.9* | 2.1* | 2.1* | 1.0 | 2.5* |
| Stress response signaling-related genes | ||||||
| Thioredoxin reductase 1† | Txnrd1 | 2.6* | 2.5* | 1.7* | 1.0 | 1.7* |
| Jnk signaling | ||||||
| Basic leucine zipper transcription factor, ATF-like | Batf | 2.4* | 4.8* | 2.4* | 1.8 | 6.3* |
| Dual specificity phosphatase 16 | Dusp16 | 1.9* | 3.5* | 2.4* | −1.3 | 2.2* |
| Zinc finger protein 36 | Zfp36 | 2.8* | 3.2* | 10.8* | 1.1 | 3.5* |
| p38 MAPK signaling | ||||||
| MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 | Mapkapk2 | 1.5 | 2.3* | 4.1* | 2.6* | 2.3* |
| p53 Signaling | ||||||
| Promyelocytic leukemia | Pml | 2.0* | 5.4* | 1.5 | 2.2* | 1.8* |
Definition of abbreviations: ATF = activating transcription factor; IAP = inhibitor of apoptosis protein; IκB = inhibitor of NF-κB; i.p. = intraperitoneal; MAPK = mitogen-activated protein kinase; MARCKS = myristoylated protein kinase C substrate; NF = nuclear factor; TNF = tumor necrosis factor; TRAF = TNF receptor–associated factor.
Data include selected genes that were significantly increased in at least four of the five bacterial infection models, but not in any of the other seven models. Values represent fold change compared with controls.
*
Significantly different from controls by t test.
†
This gene was not found to be associated with bacterial infection in the PubMed database.