Table 3.
Relation between smoking categories and mortality
| Current smoker | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cause of death | Never smoker | Former smoker | ≤22 cigarettes/day | >22 cigarettes/day | p-trend |
| All causes | |||||
| No. of deaths, whole cohort (n=7982) | 3945 | 1340 | 2228 | 469 | |
| No. of deaths, men (n=4706) | 1325 | 1146 | 1802 | 433 | |
| No. of deaths, women (n=3276) | 2620 | 194 | 426 | 36 | |
| Multivariable RRa, whole cohort | 1(Referent) | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) | 1.7 (1.6–1.8) | 1.8 (1.6–2.0) | <0.0001 |
| Multivariable RR a, men | 1 (Referent) | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) | 1.7 (1.6–1.8) | 1.7 (1.5–1.9) | <0.0001 |
| Multivariable RR a, women | 1 (Referent) | 1.7 (1.4–1.9) | 1.6 (1.4–1.8) | 2.5 (1.8–3.5) | <0.0001 |
| Cancer | |||||
| No. of deaths, whole cohort (n=2710) | 1271 | 402 | 835 | 202 | |
| No. of deaths, men (n=1618) | 403 | 344 | 685 | 186 | |
| No. of deaths, women (n=1092) | 868 | 58 | 150 | 16 | |
| Multivariable RR a, whole cohort | 1 (Referent) | 1.3 (1.2–1.5) | 2.1 (1.9–2.3) | 2.4 (2.0–2.8) | <0.0001 |
| Multivariable RR a, men | 1 (Referent) | 1.3 (1.1–1.4) | 2.1 (1.9–2.4) | 2.3 (2.0–2.8) | <0.0001 |
| Multivariable RR a, women | 1 (Referent) | 1.7 (1.3–2.3) | 1.9 (1.6–2.3) | 3.6 (2.2–5.9) | <0.0001 |
| Ischemic heart disease | |||||
| No. of deaths, whole cohort (n=1664) | 799 | 300 | 479 | 86 | |
| No. of deaths, men (n=1030) | 291 | 258 | 402 | 79 | |
| No. of deaths, women (n=634) | 508 | 42 | 77 | 7 | |
| Multivariable RR a, whole cohort | 1 (Referent) | 1.3 (1.2–1.5) | 1.7 (1.5–1.9) | 1.6 (1.3–2.0) | <0.0001 |
| Multivariable RR a, men | 1 (Referent) | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 1.8 (1.5–2.1) | 1.6 (1.2–2.0) | <0.0001 |
| Multivariable RR a, women | 1 (Referent) | 1.7 (1.2–2.3) | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 2.4 (1.1–5.1) | 0.0002 |
| Stroke | |||||
| No. of deaths, whole cohort (n=832) | 476 | 136 | 193 | 27 | |
| No. of deaths, men (n=436) | 149 | 119 | 145 | 23 | |
| No. of deaths, women (n=396) | 327 | 17 | 48 | 4 | |
| Multivariable RR a, whole cohort | 1 (Referent) | 1.1 (0.89–1.4) | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 0.86 (0.57–1.3) | 0.27 |
| Multivariable RR a, men | 1 (Referent) | 1.1 (0.85–1.4) | 1.1 (0.89–1.4) | 0.74 (0.47–1.2) | 0.93 |
| Multivariable RR a, women | 1 (Referent) | 1.0 (0.62–1.7) | 1.3 (0.98–1.8) | 2.1 (0.80–5.8) | 0.03 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | |||||
| No. of deaths, whole cohort (n=378) | 85 | 97 | 162 | 34 | |
| No. of deaths, men (n=282) | 36 | 87 | 126 | 33 | |
| No. of deaths, women (n=96) | 49 | 10 | 36 | 1 | |
| Multivariable RR a, whole cohort | 1 (Referent) | 3.6 (2.6–5.0) | 4.9 (3.7–6.5) | 5.6 (3.6–8.6) | <0.0001 |
| Multivariable RR a, men | 1 (Referent) | 3.1 (2.1–4.6) | 4.1 (2.8–5.9) | 5.0 (3.1–8.0) | <0.0001 |
| Multivariable RR a, women | 1 (Referent) | 4.0 (2.0–8.1) | 6.6 (4.3–10.2) | 3.5 (0.49–25.6) | <0.0001 |
a
Relative risk (95% confidence interval) estimated from a multivariable-adjusted proportional hazards model adjusted for age (years), gender (males, females), dialect group (Cantonese, Hokkien), year of recruitment, level of education (no formal education, primary school, secondary school or above), daily ethanol intake (g), and h/week of moderate physical activity (none, ½ to 3 h/week, 4 h/week or more).