Table 6.
Population attributable risk (PAR) of cancer morbidity and all cause and cause-specific mortality to cigarette smoking
| Relative risk (95% confidence interval) associated with ever smokinga | Population attributable risk associated with ever smoking | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | Men | Women | |
| Cancer morbidity | ||||
| All cancers | 1.5 (1.4–1.7) | 1.4 (1.3–1.6) | 23.0% | 3.6% |
| Head and neck cancer | 1.7 (1.3–2.3) | 2.4 (1.3–4.1) | 29.0% | 10.5% |
| Upper gastrointestinal tract cancer | 1.4 (1.1–1.9) | 1.3 (0.85–2.0) | 19.8% | 2.7% |
| Hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancer | 1.2 (0.97–1.6) | 1.7 (1.2–2.6) | 11.9% | 6.1% |
| Lung cancer | 4.1 (3.2–5.2) | 4.0 (3.1–5.1) | 63.8% | 20.5% |
| Bladder/renal pelvis cancer | 1.8 (1.2–2.8) | 1.3 (0.48–3.3) | 32.5% | 2.2% |
| Mortality | ||||
| All causes | 1.5 (1.4–1.6) | 1.7 (1.5–1.8) | 22.6% | 5.3% |
| Cancer | 1.8 (1.6–2.0) | 1.9 (1.7–2.2) | 30.8% | 7.4% |
| Ischemic heart disease | 1.6 (1.4–1.8) | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | 24.3% | 4.3% |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 3.8 (2.6–5.3) | 5.7 (3.8–8.6) | 61.3% | 29.2% |
a
Relative risk (95% confidence interval) estimated from a multivariable-adjusted proportional hazards model adjusted for age (years), dialect group (Cantonese, Hokkien), year of recruitment, level of education (no formal education, primary school, secondary school or above), daily ethanol intake (g), and h/week of moderate physical activity (none, ½ to 3 h/week, 4 h/week or more).