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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Metabolism. 2008 Mar;57(3):437–443. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2007.11.002

Table 2.

Arithmetic or geometric mean concentrations of blood lipids and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein by quintile of dietary glycemic index

Dietary glycemic index [median]
Quintile 1 [49] Quintile 2 [51] Quintile 3 [53] Quintile 4 [54] Quintile 5 [57] p for linear trend
Arithmetic mean Difference between quintile 5 and quintile 1 (95% CI)
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
 Age-adjusted1 210 212 211 213 213 2.4 (0.5, 4.3) 0.007
 Multivariate-adjusted2 210 212 211 212 212 1.6 (-0.5, 3.7) 0.10
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL)
 Age-adjusted 56.6 55.3 54.1 53.4 52.0 -4.6 (-5.3, -3.9) < 0.001
 Multivariate-adjusted 55.7 54.8 54.0 53.9 53.1 -2.6 (-3.3, -2.0) < 0.001
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL)
 Age-adjusted 122 124 125 126 127 4.1 (2.6, 5.7) < 0.001
 Multivariate-adjusted 123 125 125 126 126 2.2 (0.5, 4.0) 0.004
Low-density to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio
 Age-adjusted 2.33 2.42 2.48 2.54 2.61 0.28 (0.24, 0.33) < 0.001
 Multivariate-adjusted 2.39 2.44 2.48 2.51 2.55 0.16 (0.12, 0.21) < 0.001
Geometric mean Ratio of quintile 5 to quintile 1 (95% CI)
Triglyceride (mg/dL)
 Age-adjusted 107 113 115 119 125 1.17 (1.14, 1.19) < 0.001
 Multivariate-adjusted 109 114 116 118 121 1.11 (1.08, 1.14) < 0.001
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (mg/L)
 Age-adjusted 1.63 1.80 1.80 1.84 1.97 1.21 (1.14, 1.28) < 0.001
 Multivariate-adjusted 1.69 1.83 1.82 1.79 1.90 1.12 (1.06, 1.18) < 0.001
1

Adjusted for age (five year categories)

2

Adjusted for age (five year categories), BMI (< 21 kg/m2, 21-22.9 kg/m2, 23-24.9 kg/m2, 25-26.9 kg/m2, 27-28.9 kg/m2, 29-30.9 kg/m2, ≥ 31 kg/m2), strenuous exercise (rarely/never, < 1 times/week, 1-3 times/week, ≥ 4 times/week), history of hypertension (yes, no), postmenopausal hormone use (current, past never), smoking status (current, past, never), and intakes of protein, saturated fat, trans fat, polyunsaturated fat, alcohol, cholesterol, fiber, magnesium, folate, and total energy (quintiles)