VIP inhibits STAT-3 gene expression. Three doses of VIP, 10−10, 10−8, and 10−6 M, were added and cells were harvested at 3 hours. Gene expression for STAT-3 and GAPDH were determined by Real-time PCR. Results were expressed as the ratio of optical density for STAT-3 to that of GAPDH. A representative of each experiment is shown. Bars are mean arbitrary units (AU) ± SEM, N = 4 and **p<0.01 for VIP 10−6M.