Table 5.

Inferences from the nested clade distance analysis in Chinese range of P. nigromaculata.

Clade	Inference chain	Inferred pattern
clade A
5-1 (4)	1-2-11-12-NO	Contiguous range expansion
5-2 (2)	1-19-20-2-11-12-NO	Contiguous range expansion
4-1 (2)	1-2-3-4-NO	Restricted gene flow with isolation by distance
4-2 (2)	1-2-3-4-9-10-NO	Fragmentation or isolation by distance
4-5 (2)	1-19-20-2-3-4-9-NO	Allopatric fragmentation
4-6 (3)	1-2-3-4-9-NO	Allopatric fragmentation
3-1 (2)	1-2-3-5-6-15-NO	Past fragmentation or long-distance colonization
3-11 (2)	1-2-3-5-6-13-14-YES	Range expansion, long-distance colonization or past fragmentation
3-12 (2)	1-2-3-4-9-10-NO	Fragmentation or isolation by distance
3-13 (2)	1-2-3-5-6-13-YES	Long-distance colonization or past fragmentation
2-19 (5)	1-2-3-5-6-13-14-YES	Range expansion, long-distance colonization or past fragmentation
2-30 (3)	1-2-11-17-4-NO	Restricted gene flow with isolation by distance
clade B
Total cladogram B (3)	1-2-11-12-NO	Contiguous range expansion
1-2 (4)	1-2-11-17-4-NO	Restricted gene flow with isolation by distance

Numbers in parenthesis are amount of sub-level clades within each group.