Table 2.

Univariable analysis of factors associated with dog ownership in Tanzania

Variable	Total (n = 1471)	DOHH (%) (n = 202)	NOHH (%) (n = 1269)	Coefficient	Standard error	p-value*	Odds ratio (OR)	95% confidence interval (CI)
Sex of head of household
Female	613	47 (23)	566 (45)				1(REF)
Male	855	155 (77)	700 (55)	0.98	0.176	< 0.001	2.67	1.89–3.76
Missing	3	0	3
Age of head of household (years)						< 0.001
<25	150	11 (5)	139 (11)				1(REF)
25–34	352	30 (15)	322 (25)	0.16	0.367	0.65	1.18	0.57–2.42
35–44	353	41 (20)	312 (25)	0.51	0.355	0.15	1.66	0.83–3.33
45–54	266	56 (28)	210 (17)	1.21	0.348	<0.001	3.37	1.71–6.66
55–64	167	27 (13)	140 (11)	0.89	0.377	0.02	2.44	1.16–5.10
65–74	99	21 (10)	78 (6)	1.22	0.398	0.002	3.40	1.56–7.43
75+	77	15 (7)	62 (5)	1.12	0.425	0.009	3.06	1.33–7.04
Missing	7	1	6
Occupation of head of household
Elementary	794	114 (58)	680 (54)				1(REF)
Secondary	660	84 (42)	576 (46)	-0.14	0.155	0.37	0.87	0.64–1.18
Missing	17	4	13
Level of education of head of household
None	184	26 (13)	158 (13)				1(REF)
Primary	927	101 (51)	826 (65)	-0.30	0.236	0.21	0.74	0.47–1.18
Secondary	232	43 (22)	189 (15)	0.32	0.271	0.23	1.38	0.81–2.35
Tertiary	118	27 (14)	91 (7)	0.59	0.305	0.05	1.80	0.99–3.28
Missing	10	5	5
Religion of head of household
Christian	598	127 (66)	471 (37)				1(REF)
Muslim	852	66 (34)	786 (63)	-1.16	0.163	<0.001	0.31	0.23–0.43
Missing	21	9	12
Number of household occupants						< 0.001
1	89	4 (2)	85 (7)				1(REF)
2	135	10 (5)	125 (10)	0.53	0.608	0.38	1.70	0.52–5.60
3	247	20 (10)	227 (18)	0.63	0.562	0.26	1.87	0.62–5.64
4	315	40 (20)	275 (22)	1.13	0.539	0.04	3.09	1.08–8.89
5	217	28 (14)	189 (15)	1.15	0.550	0.04	3.15	1.07–9.26
6	175	26 (13)	149 (12)	1.31	0.554	0.02	3.71	1.25–10.98
7+	288	74 (37)	214 (17)	1.99	0.526	<0.001	7.35	2.62–20.60
Missing	5	0	5
Household asset quintile						< 0.001
1	277	44 (22)	233 (19)				1(REF)
2	290	23 (12)	267 (21)	-0.78	0.273	0.004	0.46	0.27–0.78
3	292	35 (18)	257 (21)	-0.33	0.244	0.18	0.72	0.45–1.16
4	296	27 (14)	269 (22)	-0.63	0.260	0.02	0.53	0.32–0.89
5	290	71 (36)	219 (18)	0.54	0.214	0.01	1.72	1.13–2.61
Missing	26	2	24
How long in area?
≥1 year	1346	187 (97)	1159 (94)				1(REF)
<1 year	75	6 (3)	69 (6)	-0.62	0.433	0.12	0.54	0.23–1.26
Missing	50	9	41
Is the respondent the head of household?
No	350	83 (41)	267 (21)				1(REF)
Yes	1121	119 (59)	1002 (79)	-0.96	0.159	<0.001	0.38	0.28–0.52
Presence of a male adult occupant
No	234	10 (5)	224 (18)				1(REF)
Yes	1232	192 (95)	1040 (82)	1.42	0.333	<0.001	4.14	2.15–7.94
Missing	5	0	5
Presence of a female adult occupant
No	98	11 (5)	87 (7)				1(REF)
Yes	1368	191 (95)	1177 (93)	0.25	0.329	0.44	1.28	0.67–2.45
Missing	5	0	5
Presence of children (<16 years)
No	357	41 (20)	316 (25)				1(REF)
Yes	1109	161 (80)	948 (75)	0.27	0.187	0.14	1.31	0.91–1.89
Missing	5	0	5
Presence of a male child occupant
No	639	69 (34)	570 (45)				1(REF)
Yes	827	133 (66)	694 (55)	0.46	0.159	0.003	1.58	1.16–2.16
Missing	5	0	5
Presence of a female child occupant
No	690	88 (44)	602 (48)				1(REF)
Yes	776	114 (56)	662 (52)	0.16	0.153	0.28	1.18	0.87–1.59
Missing	5	0	5
Ownership of cattle
No	1383	157 (78)	1226 (97)				1(REF)
Yes	86	45 (22)	41 (3)	2.15	0.232	<0.001	8.57	5.44–13.50
Missing	2	0	2
Ownership of small stock (sheep/goats)
No	1358	159 (79)	1199 (95)				1(REF)
Yes	111	43 (21)	68 (5)	1.56	0.212	<0.001	4.77	3.15–7.23
Missing	2	0	2
Ownership of poultry
No	1041	95 (47)	946 (75)				1(REF)
Yes	428	107 (53)	321 (25)	1.20	0.155	<0.001	3.32	2.45–4.50
Missing	2	0	2
Ownership of pigs
No	1455	196 (97)	1259 (99)				1(REF)
Yes	14	6 (3)	8 (1)	1.57	0.545	0.007	4.82	1.65–14.03
Missing	2	0	2
Ownership of cat/s
No	1349	171 (85)	1178 (93)				1(REF)
Yes	120	31 (15)	89 (7)	0.88	0.224	<0.001	2.40	1.55–3.72
Missing	2	0	2
Ownership of other animals
No	1432	189 (94)	1243 (98)				1(REF)
Yes	37	13 (6)	24 (2)	1.27	0.353	<0.001	3.56	1.78–7.12
Missing	2	0	2
COMPOSITE VARIABLES:
Adult gender composition						< 0.001
No adult male occupant	225	9 (4)	216 (17)				1(REF)
Female head; adult male occupant/s	384	38 (19)	346 (27)	0.97	0.381	0.01	2.64	1.25–5.56
Male head	855	155 (77)	700 (55)	1.67	0.352	<0.001	5.31	2.67–10.58
Missing	7	0	7
Household socio-demographic type						< 0.001
1	365	28 (14)	337 (27)				1(REF)
2	297	30 (15)	267 (21)	0.30	0.275	0.27	1.35	0.79–2.32
3	349	44 (22)	305 (24)	0.55	0.254	0.03	1.74	1.05–2.86
4	213	39 (19)	174 (14)	0.99	0.265	<0.001	2.70	1.61–4.53
5	247	61 (30)	186 (15)	1.37	0.246	<0.001	3.95	2.44–6.39
Composition of child occupants						0.014
Both sexes	494	86 (43)	408 (32)				1(REF)
Female only	282	28 (14)	254 (20)	-0.65	0.232	0.005	0.52	0.33–0.82
Male only	333	47 (23)	286 (23)	-0.25	0.197	0.21	0.78	0.53–1.15
No children	357	41 (20)	316 (25)	-0.49	0.204	0.02	0.62	0.41–0.92
Missing	5	0	5
Ownership of livestock (cattle/sheep/goats)
No	1321	140 (69)	1181 (93)				1(REF)
Yes	148	62 (31)	86 (7)	1.81	0.189	<0.001	6.08	4.20–8.81
Missing	2	0	2

*Bolded p-values are likelihood ratio test p-values and unbolded p-values are Wald test p-values.