Table 3.
Characteristics of participants according to energy-adjusted dietary glycemic load1
| Dietary glycemic load quintile | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | P value2 | |
| Dietary glycemic load3 | 94.6 ± 0.9 | 117.1 ± 0.2 | 127.3 ± 0.1 | 138.2 ± 0.2 | 161.6 ± 0.9 | |
| N | 379 | 381 | 378 | 381 | 379 | |
| % Female | 52.5 | 58.8 | 55.0 | 58.5 | 45.7 | 0.0843 |
| Risk factors for type 2 diabetes | ||||||
| Age (years)3 | 74.8 ± 0.1 | 75.1 ± 0.1 | 74.9 ± 0.1 | 75.5 ± 0.14 | 75.4 ± 0.14 | 0.0012 |
| Race (% White)5 | 68.1 | 71.1 | 72.8 | 61.7 | 62.5 | 0.0070 |
| Education (% completed high school)5 | 81.8 | 81.1 | 82.5 | 80.3 | 76.04 | 0.0549 |
| Smoking (lifetime pack-years)5 | 23.9 ± 1.4 | 17.5 ± 1.44 | 16.7 ± 1.44 | 16.3 ± 1.44 | 16.2 ± 1.44 | <0.0001 |
| Alcohol (% any consumption)5 | 70.5 | 58.54 | 52.44 | 46.54 | 45.14 | <0.0001 |
| Physical activity (kcal/week)5 | 1244 ± 92 | 1055 ± 92 | 1034 ± 92 | 989 ± 92 | 1182 ± 92 | 0.9010 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL)3 | 93.5 ± 0.5 | 92.8 ± 0.5 | 92.5 ± 0.5 | 91.6 ± 0.54 | 93.2 ± 0.5 | 0.3554 |
| BMI (kg/m2)3 | 27.0 ± 0.2 | 27.0 ± 0.2 | 27.1 ± 0.2 | 26.6 ± 0.2 | 26.5 ± 0.2 | 0.1320 |
| Dietary factors3 | ||||||
| Total calorie intake (kcal) | 2061 ± 31 | 1637 ± 314 | 1652 ± 324 | 1812 ± 314 | 2013 ± 31 | 1.0000 |
| % kcal from carbohydrate | 43.1 ± 0.4 | 49.9 ± 0.24 | 53.9 ± 0.34 | 57.8 ± 0.44 | 62.7 ± 0.44 | <0.0001 |
| % kcal from protein | 15.2 ± 0.1 | 15.1 ± 0.1 | 14.4 ± 0.14 | 13.8 ± 0.14 | 13.3 ± 0.14 | <0.0001 |
| % kcal from fat | 40.2 ± 0.3 | 35.6 ± 0.34 | 33.1 ± 0.34 | 30.3 ± 0.34 | 26.3 ± 0.34 | <0.0001 |
| % kcal from saturated fat | 11.5 ± 0.1 | 10.2 ± 0.14 | 9.5 ± 0.14 | 8.6 ± 0.14 | 7.6 ± 0.14 | <0.0001 |
| Total dietary fiber (g) | 16.7 ± 0.4 | 15.5 ± 0.4 | 16.3 ± 0.4 | 18.0 ± 0.44 | 20.7 ± 0.44 | <0.0001 |
| Daily servings of vegetables | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 2.9 ± 0.1 | 2.9 ± 0.1 | 2.8 ± 0.1 | 3.2 ± 0.1 | 0.6407 |
| Daily servings of fruit and fruit juice | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.14 | 2.2 ± 0.14 | <0.0001 |
1
Means ± SEM, unless otherwise specified.
2
Linear regression was used for continuous variables, and Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test for trend across quintiles was used for categorical variables.
3
Values from year 2 of the Health ABC study.
4
Significantly different from quintile 1, P ≤ 0.05 (Dunnett’s test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables).
5
Values from baseline of the Health ABC study.