Table 8.
Joint Effects of Sleep Quality and Use of Hypnotics and/or Tranquilizers in 1981 on Total Mortality: Hazard Ratios (95% Confidence Intervals) for Mortality in 1982–2003. Percentage of Subjects in Each Sleep Quality and Medication Use Category Combination Given for Men and Women
| Sleep Quality: Sleeping | Use Of Hypnotics and/or Tranquilizers* | Percentage |
Fully-adjusted Model Hazard Ratios Men N = 9529 | Fully-adjusted Model Hazard Ratios Women N = 10265 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | ||||
| Well | No | 43.2 | 40.8 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Well | Infrequent | 0.8 | 1.8 | 1.13 (0.59, 2.16) | 1.18 (0.76, 1.84) |
| Well | Frequent | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1.56 (0.93, 2.62) | 2.82 (1.88, 4.24) |
| Fairly well | No | 43.4 | 42.5 | 1.08 (0.95, 1.23) | 0.94 (0.80, 1.10) |
| Fairly well | Infrequent | 2.8 | 4.5 | 1.19 (0.90, 1.56) | 0.86 (0.63, 1.19) |
| Fairly well | Frequent | 1.0 | 1.7 | 2.03 (1.46, 2.83) | 1.14 (0.76, 1.70) |
| Fairly poorly/Poorly | No | 5.4 | 4.8 | 1.18 (0.94, 1.48) | 0.93 (0.71, 1.23) |
| Fairly poorly/Poorly | Infrequent | 1.5 | 2.0 | 1.21 (0.85, 1.72) | 1.00 (0.72, 1.40) |
| Fairly poorly/Poorly | Frequent | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.12 (0.77, 1.64) | 1.16 (0.84, 1.60) |
*
infrequent = 1–59 days per year; frequent = 60 or more days per year.
Covariates measured in 1981 (in addition to age) in this fully-adjusted model: education, marital status, working status, social class, BMI, smoking status, binge drinking, grams of alcohol consumed daily, conditioning physical activity, life satisfaction, and sleep length.