Table 9.
Stability of Sleep Length Between 1975 and 1981 in Relation to Risk of Death From Natural and External Causes of Death in 1982–2003. Hazard Ratios with 95% Confidence Intervals Given
| Sleep Length* |
Risk Of Mortality 1982–2003 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1975 | 1981 | Natural Causes Of Death Men N = 9529 | Natural Causes Of Death Women N = 10265 | External Causes Of Death Men N = 9529 | External Causes Of Death Women N = 10265 |
| Short | Short | 1.34 (1.11, 1.63) | 1.07 (0.86, 1.33) | 1.62 (1.01, 2.60) | 1.39 (0.55, 3.50) |
| Average | Short | 1.10 (0.92, 1.31) | 1.24 (1.03, 1.48) | 1.86 (1.31, 2.65) | 1.49 (0.71, 3.16) |
| Long | Short | 1.24 (0.48, 3.21) | 2.23 (1.35, 3.68) | 3.16 (1.10, 9.05) | 1.60 (0.20, 12.8) |
| Short | Average | 1.24 (0.96, 1.59) | 0.89 (0.69, 1.13) | 1.08 (0.60, 1.93) | 1.86 (0.75, 4.60) |
| Average | Average | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Long | Average | 0.96 (0.76, 1.22) | 0.98 (0.77, 1.25) | 0.67 (0.35, 1.26) | 1.18 (0.45, 3.07) |
| Short | Long | 1.27 (0.63, 2.56) | 1.01 (0.58, 1.78) | 1.09 (0.14, 8.43) | 6.30 (1.96, 20.3) |
| Average | Long | 1.16 (0.98, 1.37) | 1.20 (1.02, 1.41) | 1.43 (0.95, 2.15) | 1.09 (0.50, 2.35) |
| Long | Long | 1.29 (1.03, 1.62) | 1.08 (0.87, 1.34) | 1.18 (0.64, 2.17) | 1.55 (0.67, 3.57) |
*
short = < 7 hours, average = 7–8 hours, and long = > 8 hours.
Covariates measured in 1981 (in addition to age) in this fully-adjusted model: education, marital status, working status, social class, BMI, smoking status, binge drinking, grams of alcohol consumed daily, conditioning physical activity, life satisfaction, sleep quality, and use of hypnotics and/or tranquilizers.