Table 1.
Baseline Lifestyle Factors and Demographics by Fruit and Vegetable Juice Intake Frequency Among 1589 Subjects 65 Years and Older (the Kame Project, 1992–2001)
| Fruit and Vegetable Juices Intake Frequency
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Less Often Than Weekly | 1–2 Times per Week | 3 Times or More per Week | |
| Number free of probable Alzheimer’s disease | 547 | 257 | 785 |
| Mean dietary intake | |||
| Vitamin C, mg/d* | 90.7 | 104.1 | 160.7 |
| Vitamin E, mg/d* | 6.04 | 6.10 | 6.07 |
| β-carotene, μg/d* | 3631.3 | 3489.3 | 3749.1 |
| Total fat, g/d* | 34.3 | 34.8 | 32.4 |
| Saturated fat, g/d* | 10.5 | 10.8 | 9.9 |
| Monounsaturated fat, g/d* | 11.9 | 12.3 | 11.2 |
| Polyunsaturated fat, g/d* | 8.1 | 7.9 | 7.7 |
| Women (%) | 53.9 | 50.6 | 55.8 |
| Baseline CASI score ± SD | 91.0 ± 5.7 | 91.2 ± 6.1 | 90.8 ± 6.0 |
| Age, mean ± SD, y | 71.7 ± 5.4 | 71.6 ± 5.0 | 72.1 ± 5.2 |
| Education, mean ± SD, y | 12.8 ± 3.0 | 13.3 ± 2.7 | 13.2 ± 2.7 |
| BMI, mean ± SD | 24.1 ± 3.4 | 24.7 ± 3.1 | 24.3 ± 3.3 |
| Smokers, former and current (%) | 49.6 | 56.4 | 47.9 |
| Alcohol drinkers, current and past (%) | 37.2 | 42.2 | 38.6 |
| Drinking tea weekly (%) | 77.9 | 84.1 | 80.4 |
| Olfaction diagnostic group (%) | |||
| Normosmia | 40.8 | 46.7 | 44.1 |
| Microsmia | 48.6 | 44.7 | 47.1 |
| Anosmia | 10.6 | 8.6 | 8.8 |
| Regular physical activity (%) | 61.3 | 60.6 | 68.6 |
| ApoE-ε4 positive (%) | 24.6 | 17.0 | 17.4 |
| Hypertension (%) | 42.5 | 46.8 | 49.7 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 17.0 | 17.2 | 15.6 |
| Vitamin supplementation | |||
| Vitamin C user (%) | 24.0 | 29.4 | 27.4 |
| Vitamin E user (%) | 20.0 | 19.0 | 21.0 |
| Multivitamin user (%) | 41.0 | 38.5 | 42.2 |
CASI = Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument; SD = standard deviation; ApoE = apolipoprotein E; BMI = body mass index.
*
Total energy-adjusted means.