Table 4.
Baseline Lifestyle Factors and Demographics by Fruit and Vegetable Juice Intake Frequency and Subsequent Alzheimer’s Disease Status Among 1589 Subjects 65 Years and Older (the Kame Project, 1992–2001)
| Fruit and Vegetable Juices Intake Frequency
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AD = 63 Non-AD = 1526 | Less Often Than Weekly | 1–2 Times per Week | ≥3 Times per Week | |
| Mean dietary intake | ||||
| Vitamin C, mg/d* | AD | 124.8 | 101.3 | 172.2 |
| Non-AD | 88.8 | 104.3 | 160.3 | |
| Vitamin E, mg/d* | AD | 8.1 | 6.6 | 7.5 |
| Non-AD | 5.9 | 6.1 | 6.0 | |
| β-carotene, μg/d* | AD | 5142.2 | 3527.1 | 4182.9 |
| Non-AD | 3546.4 | 3490.7 | 3733.4 | |
| Total fat, g/d* | AD | 33.9 | 34.1 | 29.4 |
| Non-AD | 34.3 | 34.8 | 32.5 | |
| Saturated fat, g/d* | AD | 10.5 | 11.0 | 8.7 |
| Non-AD | 10.5 | 10.8 | 9.9 | |
| Monounsaturated fat, g/d* | AD | 11.0 | 11.5 | 10.2 |
| Non-AD | 12.0 | 12.3 | 11.3 | |
| Polyunsaturated fat, g/d* | AD | 8.7 | 7.8 | 7.2 |
| Non-AD | 8.1 | 7.9 | 7.7 | |
| Women (%) | AD | 60.0 | 54.5 | 68.2 |
| Non-AD | 53.7 | 50.2 | 55.6 | |
| Baseline CASI score ± SD | AD | 88.0 ± 6.4 | 80.4 ± 15.3 | 82.6 ± 7.9 |
| Non-AD | 91.2 ± 5.7 | 91.7 ± 4.8 | 91.1 ± 5.8 | |
| Age, mean ± SD, y | AD | 76.0 ± 5.4 | 77.5 ± 6.6 | 77.5 ± 6.5 |
| Non-AD | 71.5 ± 5.3 | 71.3 ± 4.8 | 71.9 ± 5.0 | |
| Education, mean ± SD, y | AD | 12.0 ± 2.5 | 11.6 ± 2.4 | 11.4 ± 2.5 |
| Non-AD | 12.8 ± 3.0 | 13.4 ± 2.7 | 13.2 ± 2.7 | |
| BMI, mean ± SD | AD | 23.1 ± 3.5 | 25.6 ± 3.8 | 23.7 ± 3.6 |
| Non-AD | 24.1 ± 3.4 | 24.7 ± 3.0 | 24.3 ± 3.3 | |
| Smokers, former and current (%) | AD | 43.3 | 36.4 | 36.4 |
| Non-AD | 49.9 | 57.5 | 48.1 | |
| Alcohol drinkers, current and past (%) | AD | 33.3 | 36.4 | 36.4 |
| Non-AD | 37.5 | 42.6 | 38.7 | |
| Drinking tea weekly (%) | AD | 75.9 | 100.0 | 90.9 |
| None-AD | 78.0 | 83.4 | 80.1 | |
| Olfaction diagnostic group (%) | ||||
| Normosmia | AD | 30.0 | 9.1 | 27.3 |
| Microsmia | AD | 50.0 | 72.7 | 59.1 |
| Anosmia | AD | 20.0 | 18.2 | 13.6 |
| Normosmia | Non-AD | 41.4 | 48.4 | 44.6 |
| Microsmia | Non-AD | 48.5 | 43.5 | 46.8 |
| Anosmia | Non-AD | 10.1 | 8.1 | 8.6 |
| Regular physical activity (%) | AD | 46.7 | 55.6 | 72.7 |
| Non-AD | 62.2 | 60.6 | 68.6 | |
| ApoE-ε4 positive (%) | AD | 47.8 | 14.3 | 46.7 |
| Non-AD | 23.0 | 17.1 | 16.7 | |
| Hypertension (%) | AD | 36.7 | 90.0 | 63.6 |
| Non-AD | 42.9 | 45.3 | 49.1 | |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | AD | 20.0 | 27.3 | 14.3 |
| Non-AD | 16.9 | 16.8 | 15.6 | |
| Vitamin supplementation | ||||
| Vitamin C user (%) | AD | 30.0 | 18.2 | 45.4 |
| Non-AD | 23.7 | 29.4 | 26.7 | |
| Vitamin E user (%) | AD | 23.3 | 9.1 | 9.1 |
| None-AD | 19.8 | 19.6 | 21.1 | |
| Multivitamin user (%) | AD | 46.7 | 9.1 | 40.9 |
| Non-AD | 40.8 | 39.6 | 42.5 | |
AD = Alzheimer’s disease; CASI = Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument; SD = standard deviation; ApoE = apolipoprotein E.
*
Total energy-adjusted means. AD stands for subsequently diagnosed cases of Alzheimer’s disease. Non-AD stands for subjects without AD after 9 years of follow-up.