Table 7.

Blood Levels of Total Isoflavones by Population

	Plasma or serum aglycone equivalents levels, nM [µg/L] (mean±SD)
Population and exposure condition	Genistein	Daidzein	Equol	Reference
Seven 4-month old infants fed soy formula	2530±1640 [684±443]	1160±230 [295±58]	Not detected	Setchell et al. (1997, 1998)
Infants fed cow-milk formulas	11.6±2.5 [3.1±0.68]	8.1±1.1 [2.1±0.28]	16.9±2.0 [4.1±0.48]	Setchell et al. (1997, 1998)
Infants fed human milk	10.2±2.7 [2.8±0.76]	5.86±0.51 [1.5±0.13]	Not reported	Setchell et al. (1997) as cited in Chen and Rogan (2004)
Men consuming traditional Japanese diet	90–1204 [24–325]	60–924 [15–235]	0.54–24.6 [0.13±6.0]	Adlercreutz et al. (1994) as cited in Kurzer and Xu (1997)
Omnivorous Japanese men	276.0 [75]	107.0 [27]	5.5 [1.3]	Adlercreutz et al. (1993b)
Omnivorous Japanese men	206.1 [56]	72.5 [18]	Not reported	Arai et al. (2000) as cited in Whitten and Patisaul (2001)
Japanese men	493.3±604.4 [133±163]	280.7±375.5 [71±95]	Not reported	Pumford et al. (2002)
Japanese women	501.9±717.6 [136±194]	246.6±369.4 [63±94]	Not reported	Pumford et al. (2002)
Japanese women	307.5±325.4 [83±88]	111.7±187.8 [28±48]	Not reported	Arai et al. (2000)
Omnivorous Hong Kong men	Not reported	31.3 [8.0]	3.8 [0.92]	Morton et al. (1997) as cited in Whitten and Patisaul (2001)
Vegetarian Finnish women	44.8 [12]	50 [13]	1.5 [0.36]	Adlercreutz et al. (1993a)
Vegetarian Finnish women	17.1 [4.6]	18.5 [4.7]	0.7 [0.17]	Adlercreutz et al. (1994) as cited in Whitten and Patisaul (2001)
Lactovegetarian Finnish women	29.7 [8.0]	41.5 [11]	1.0 [0.059]	Adlercreutz et al. (1994) as cited in Whitten and Patisaul (2001)
Omnivorous Finnish women	7.7 [2.0]	6.4 [1.6]	1.6 [0.39]	Adlercreutz et al. (1993a)
Omnivorous Finnish women	4.9 [1.3]	4.2 [1.1]	0.8 [0.19]	Adlercreutz et al. (1994) as cited in Kurzer and Xu (1997) and Whitten and Patisaul (2001)
Finnish men	6.3 [1.7]	6.2 [1.6]	0.8 [0.19]	Adlercreutz et al. (1993a)
Omnivorous Finnish men	0.5 [0.14]	0.6 [0.15]	0.1 [0.024]	Adlercreutz et al. (1993) as cited in Whitten and Patisaul (2001)
Omnivorous Spanish men	Not reported	1.3 [0.33]	0.4 [0.10]	Morton et al. (1997) as cited in Whitten and Patisaul (2001)
Omnivorous Canadian men	8.2 [2.2]	3.4 [0.86]	Not reported	Gooderham et al. (2000) as cited in Whitten and Patisaul (2001)
Omnivorous British men	Not reported	8.2 [2.1]	0.6 [0.15]	Morton et al. (1997) as cited in Whitten and Patisaul (2001)
British men	34.1±27.2 [9.2±7.4]	18.2±20.4 [4.6±5.2]	Not reported	Pumford et al. (2002)
British women	30.1±31.2 [8.1±8.4]	13.5±11.6 [3.4±2.9]	Not reported	Pumford et al. (2002)