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. 2008 Mar 7;4(3):e1000013. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000013

Figure 3. Plasmodium infected erythrocytes accumulate hypoxanthine/xanthine.

Figure 3

Hypoxanthine induces DCs to secrete TNF in the presence of serum. The concentration of hypoxanthine/xanthine was determined in the soluble fraction of schizont lysates of P. yoelii (A), P. berghei (B) and P. falciparum (C). Lysates of uninfected murine and human erythrocytes were used as controls. (D) Ultraviolet spectrum profiles of HPLC fractionation of the soluble fraction of lysates of P. yoelii schizonts (blue) and uninfected erythrocytes (green). Arrows indicate the positions of hypoxanthine and xanthine when run independently. (E, F) DCs were incubated in medium supplemented or not with 10% fetal bovine (FBS; E) or human (HS; F) serum in the presence or absence of hypoxanthine or LPS for one hour. The incubation medium was removed, cells were washed, and medium supplemented with either 10% FBS or 10% HS was added. After 24 h, incubation media were collected and TNF concentrations were determined by ELISA. Data represent the average of triplicated samples with standard deviations. **P<0.01.