Table 2. Impact of anti-inflammatory agents on LX, RV and PD: biosynthesis, inactivation and receptors.
| Anti-inflammatory agent | Impact |
|---|---|
| NSAID | |
| Aspirin | Switches COX-2 activity to produce 15R-HETE (from AA; Clària and Serhan, 1995), 18R-HEPE (from EPA; Serhan et al., 2000), and 17R-HDHA (from DHA; Serhan et al., 2002) |
| Increases ATL formation in vivo in experimental animals (reviewed in Chiang et al., 2006) and in human (Chiang et al., 2004) | |
| Initiates RvE1 formation in vivo in experimental animals (Serhan et al., 2000) and in human (Arita et al., 2005a) | |
| Initiates RvD formation in vivo in experimental animals (Serhan et al., 2002) | |
| Inhibits 15-PGDH (Hansen, 1974) | |
| Indomethacin | Permits 18R-HEPE generation with recombinant COX-2, yet reduces its levels (Serhan et al., 2000) |
| Inhibits 15-PGDH (Cho and Tai, 2002; Hansen, 1974) and EOR (Clish et al., 2001) | |
| Acetaminophen | Permits 18R-HEPE generation with recombinant COX-2, yet reduces its levels (Serhan et al., 2000) |
| Diclofenac | Inhibits EOR (Clish et al., 2001) |
| Steroid | |
| Dexamethasone | Upregulates 5-LOX expression (Colamorea et al., 1999; Uz et al., 2001) |
| Inhibits 15-PGDH (cell-type dependent) (Tong and Tai, 2000) | |
| Upregulates ALX receptor (Hashimoto et al., 2007; Sawmynaden and Perretti, 2006) | |
| Thiazolidinedione | |
| Pioglitazone | Increases LXA4 and 15-epi-LXA4 formation (Birnbaum et al., 2006) |
| Ciglitazone | Inhibits 15-PGDH (Cho and Tai, 2002) |
| Statin | |
| Atorvastatin | Increase LXA4 and 15-epi-LXA4 formation (Birnbaum et al., 2006) |
Abbreviations: 15-PGDH; 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase; 18R-HEPE, 18R-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid; AA, arachidonic acid; ATL, aspirin-triggered LX; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; EOR, eicosanoid oxidoreductase; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; 5-LOX, 5-lipoxygenase; LXA4, lipoxin A4; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; Rv, resolvin.