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Receptor-heteromer-mediated dual regulation of glutamate release by adenosine. At low concentrations, adenosine acts by depressing glutamate release in GABAergic striatal neurons. At high concentrations, adenosine in the same neurons enhances glutamate release. This signalling via A1 receptors at low [adenosine] and via A2A receptors at high [adenosine] is only possible by the occurrence of pre-synaptic A1–A2A receptor heteromers (for details see text and Ciruela et al., 2006a).
