Fig. 1.

P. aeruginosa activates caspase 1 through Ipaf. (A–C) BMMs were stimulated with LPS to promote proIL-1β production before infection with live or heat-killed P. aeruginosa. (B and C) Cytotoxicity was determined by LDH release (A), or IL-1β (B) and IL-18 (C) secretions were analyzed by ELISA. (D) Macrophages were infected with P. aeruginosa for 1 h and then treated with gentamicin before TNF secretion was determined after four additional hours. (E) IL-1β secretion by LPS primed WT, Ipaf-null, or Nalp3-null macrophages infected with P. aeruginosa for 1 h.