TABLE 5.
Potential mechanisms for HERV-induced disease
| Mechanism | Agent | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|
| Direct action of HERV protein | HERV-K Rec and Np9 | 18, 58, 117, 156 |
| HERV-K SAg | 219, 463, 471, 472, 476 | |
| HERV-W Env | 13, 389, 420 | |
| HERV-H Env | 312 | |
| Autoimmune/immune response | HERV-K | 24, 60, 208, 404, 430 |
| HIAP | 161, 235, 273, 274, 318, 477, 478 | |
| Insertional mutagenesisa | LINEs | 89, 334, 344 |
| Murine ERVs | 527, 536 | |
| Modulation of cellular | HERV-E | 271, 325, 435 |
| gene expression | HERV-L | 129 |
| Interaction with | HERV-K | 219, 471, 472 |
| exogenous viruses | HERV-W | 76, 77, 393 |
a
Insertional mutagenesis by HERVs has not been described, but analogous mutations have been reported for murine ERVs and for long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) in humans.