Table 1.
Maternal characteristics when children were in grade 1 (n=709)
| Characteristic | Total # (%) |
|---|---|
| Risk for child maltreatment | |
| At-risk | 491 (69.3) |
| Not at-risk | 218 (30.7) |
| At-risk: Study group assignment | |
| Controls | 218 (30.8) |
| Intervention | 273 (38.5) |
| Race | |
| White | 97 (13.7) |
| Asian | 218 (30.8) |
| Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander | 191 (26.9) |
| No primary racial affiliation/other | 203 (28.6) |
| Age (at baseline) | |
| ≤19 | 148 (20.9) |
| 20–25 | 229 (32.4) |
| 26–34 | 260 (36.7) |
| 35+ | 71 (10.0) |
| Marital status | |
| Married/living together | 404 (57.0) |
| Single/separated/divorced/widowed | 305 (43.0) |
| Current health insurance | |
| None | 62 (8.8) |
| Public | 223 (31.7) |
| Private | 419 (59.5) |
| Education | |
| Less than high school | 93 (13.1) |
| High school | 221 (31.2) |
| Some college or more | 394 (55.7) |
| Employment (in past 12 months) | |
| No | 139 (19.6) |
| Yes, 1+ job | 570 (80.4) |
| Household poverty level | |
| Under | 237 (34.0) |
| Above | 460 (66.0) |
| Social support: help with daily tasks | |
| 0 | 37 (5.7) |
| 1–2 | 60 (9.3) |
| 3–5 | 167 (25.8) |
| 6+ | 384 (59.3) |
| Social support: help with crises | |
| 0 | 17 (2.4) |
| 1–2 | 155 (21.9) |
| 3–5 | 315 (44.4) |
| 6+ | 222 (31.3) |
| Social support: emergency child care | |
| 0–1 | 91 (12.8) |
| 2+ | 618 (87.2) |
| Social support: regular talks with another person | |
| No | 71 (10.0) |
| Yes | 638 (90.0) |
| Social support: satisfaction with visits from kin | |
| No relatives | 121 (17.1) |
| 1+ relatives and more/less often | 166 (23.4) |
| 1+ relatives and it is about right | 422 (59.5) |
| Social support: satisfaction with communication from a male partner | |
| Dissatisfied/very dissatisfied | 51 (7.2) |
| Satisfied | 320 (45.1) |
| Very satisfied | 222 (31.3) |
| No current partner or in past 12 months | 116 (16.4) |
| Social support: attend religious services a month | |
| No religious group | 358 (50.5) |
| Attend once per month | 61 (8.6) |
| Attend more than once per month | 290 (40.9) |
| Social support: how active in voluntary groups | |
| No membership in group | 526 (74.2) |
| Not active or fairly active | 71 (10.0) |
| Very active | 112 (15.8) |
| Depressive symptoms | |
| No (CES-D<16) | 505 (71.6) |
| Yes (CES-D≥16) | 200 (28.4) |
| Any illicit drug use | |
| No | 315 (44.5) |
| Yes in past, but not currently/in past 12 months | 347 (49.1) |
| Yes in past and currently/in past 12 months | 45 (6.4) |
| Problem alcohol use (in past 12 months) | |
| No | 645 (91.0) |
| Yes | 64 (9.0) |
| Intimate partner violence (IPV) | |
| No IPV ever | 111 (15.8) |
| Some IPV ever | 525 (74.9) |
| No partner in past 12 months | 65 (9.3) |
| IPV: any psychological aggression | |
| No | 117 (16.8) |
| Yes | 516 (73.9) |
| No partner in past 12 months | 65 (9.3) |
| IPV: any physical assault | |
| No | 446 (63.9) |
| Yes | 187 (26.8) |
| No partner in past 12 months | 65 (9.3) |
| IPV: any sexual coercion | |
| No | 565 (80.4) |
| Yes | 73 (10.4) |
| No partner in past 12 months | 65 (9.2) |
Total for each variable does not always equal 709 because there were nonresponses for some variables. Total does not always equal to 100% due to rounding
CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies—Depression