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Phylogenies proposed in the melanica and robusta groups. Phylogenies previously reported for species in the robusta and melanica species groups. a) Relationships within the robusta group proposed by Narayanan [33], based on polytene chromosomes; b) and c) Alternative topologies proposed by Stalker ([41, 42], respectively) for species in the melanica group. F and U labels indicate karyotypes with fused or unfused sex chromosomes.
