Table 1.

Mean of sense of coherence (SOC), age adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95 percent confidence intervals (95% CIs) for drug imbursement due to diabetes during the follow-up of 18 years by confounding variables at baseline in initially healthy male employees

Characteristic	N	Mean of SOC (95% CI)	p-value	No. of diabetes cases	HR (95% CI)
Age at baseline (years)			<0.001
=<50	5058	64.30 (64.00–64.59)		254	1.00
>50	769	65.90 (65.13–66.65)		59	1.73 (1.30–2.29)
Education			<0.001
Tertiary	806	67.05 (66.26–67.79)		40	1.00
Secondary	2728	64.46 (64.05–64.87)		119	0.91 (0.63–1.30)
Primary	2293	63.67 (63.22–64.11)		154	1.39 (0.98–1.97)
Marital status			<0.001
Married	4123	65.28 (64.95–65.62)		226	1.00
Not married	1704	62.62 (62.09–63.15)		87	0.99 (0.77–1.28)
Psychological distress			<0.001
Low	4437	67.36 (67.08–67.64)		238	1.00
High	1390	55.39 (54.89–55.89)		75	1.01 (0.78–1.31)
Self-rated health			<0.001
Good	5516	64.85 (64.57–65.13)		282	1.00
Poor	311	58.36 (57.17–59.55)		31	1.98 (1.36–2.87)
Smoking status			<0.001
No	3696	64.77 (64.43–65.12)		183	1.00
Yes	2131	64.04 (63.58–64.50)		130	1.37 (1.09–1.71)
Binge drinking*			<0.001
No	4881	65.19 (64.90–65.49)		242	1.00
Yes	946	60.95 (60.27–61.63)		71	1.67 (1.28–2.18)
Physical activity †			<0.001
High or moderate	3608	65.10 (64.75–65.45)		165	1.00
Low	2219	63.54 (63.09–63.99)		148	1.52 (1.22–1.90)

* Frequency of binge drinking: No = excessive drinking leading to intoxication less than twice per month; Yes = excessive drinking leading to intoxication twice or more per month

† Frequency of exercising: High or moderate = Once a week or more; Low = Less than once a week