Table 2.
E3 Ubiquitin Ligases Involved in Plant Growth and Development and Known Targets
| E3 ubiquitin ligase | E3 type | Biological processes | Interactions with other complex components | Demonstrated E3 ligase activity in vitro and E2 partners | Target proteins | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FIP2 (Arabidopsis thaliana) | BTB | pollen tube extension, actin cytoskeleton | AFH1 | [95] | ||
| UFO (Arabidopsis thaliana) | F-box | floral development | APETALA3 | [81, 91, 104] | ||
| FKF1 (Arabidopsis thaliana) | F-box | flowering in response to photoperiod | ASK1,2,11,14 | CDF1/2 | [105–107] | |
| LKP2 (Arabidopsis thaliana) | F-box | flowering time, circadian clocks | ASK1,2,3,4,5,11,14,20 | CDF3, TOC | [87, 106] | |
| ETO1/EOL1/EOL2 (Arabidopsis thaliana) | BTB | ethylene biosynthesis | CUL3a | ACS5 | [67] | |
| BT4 (Arabidopsis thaliana) | BTB | SA and H2O2 response | AtBET10 | [94] | ||
| BT2 (Arabidopsis thaliana) | BTB | SA and H2O2 response | AtBET10 | [94] | ||
| BT1 (Arabidopsis thaliana) | BTB | SA and H2O2 response | CUL3a | AtBET10, AtBET9 | [94] | |
| ARIA (Arabidopsis thaliana) | BTB | ABA response | ABF2 | [108] | ||
| TIR1 (Arabidopsis thaliana) | F-box | auxin receptor | ASK1/2, AtCUL1 | IAA1/AXR5 | [46, 109–112] | |
| SLY1/SNE (Arabidopsis thaliana) | F-box | GA signaling | RGA, GAI, RGL2 (DELLA proteins) | [84, 113] | ||
| GID2 (Oryza sativa) | F-box | GA signaling | OsSkp15(ASK1) | OsSLR1 | [114, 115] | |
| EBF1/2 (Arabidopsis thaliana) | F-box | ethylene signaling | ASK1/2 | EIN3/EIL; ERF | [85, 116, 117] | |
| AIP2 (Arabidopsis thaliana) | RING-H2 | ABA signaling | UBC8, 10, 11, 28, 29, 30, UbcH5B | ABI3 | [118] | |
| SINAT5 (Arabidopsis thaliana) | RING-HCa | auxin signaling | AtUBC9a | NAC1 | [119] | |
| XBAT32 (Arabidopsis thaliana) | RING | auxin transport; root initiation | UbcH5B | XBAT32 | [120] | |
| COP1 (Arabidopsis thaliana) | RING-HCa | photomorphogenesis | UBC9 | LAF1, HY5, HYH, cry2, phyA, COL3; HFR1; AtMYB21 | [28, 98] | |
| CIP8 (Arabidopsis thaliana) | RING-H2 | photomorphogenesis | UBC8, 10, 11, 28, 29, 30 | HY5 HYH | [28] | |
| DET1 (Arabidopsis thaliana) | CUL4 complex | photomorphogenesis | LHY | [121] | ||
| NPH3 (Arabidopsis thaliana) | BTB | phototropism (hypocotil) | RPT2 | [122] | ||
| RPT2 (Arabidopsis thaliana) | BTB | phototropism (root), stomatal opening | PHOT1; NPH3 | [69, 123] | ||
| DET1 (Lycopersicum esculentum) | CUL4 complex | photomorphogenesis | H2B | [124] | ||
| HOS1 (Arabidopsis thaliana) | incomplete RING | cold stress | UBC8 | ICE1 | [31, 33] | |
| CHIP (Arabidopsis thaliana) | U-BOX | temperature stress | UbcH5a | denatured proteins; PP2A | [40] | |
| NPR1 (Arabidopsis thaliana) | BTB | salicilic and jasmonic acid response | TGA | [79, 125–129] | ||
| PRT1 (Arabidopsis thaliana) | RING | N-end rule pathway degradation | N-end rule substrates (aromatic termini) | [130] | ||
| APC2 (Arabidopsis thaliana) | Cullin-related | cell cycle regulation | APC11; CDC23 | D-box proteins | [36] | |
| SKP2 (Arabidopsis thaliana) | F-box | cell cycle regularion | E2Fc | [131] | ||
| AhSLF-S2 (Oryza sativa) | F-box | self-incompatibility | ASK1; CULLIN1-like | S-Rnases | [61] | |
| SFB (Prunus dulcis) | F-box | self-incompatibility | S-Rnases | [132] |