Six hour fever indices of rats injected peripherally (i.p.o.) with LPS (0 h), followed immediately by unilateral microinjection of 0·5 μl saline (□) or 50 μg hrIL-1ra in 0·5 μl (▪) into a discrete brain region at time 0 h and 1 h. Injection of saline or hrIL-1ra alone (after i.p.o. saline) has no lasting effect on body temperature (data not shown). i.c.v., lateral cerebral ventricle; AH, anterior hypothalamus; PVH, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus; SFO, subfornical organ; VMH, ventromedial hypothalamus; OVLT, organum vasculosum lamina terminalis. Data are presented as means ±s.e.m.***P < 0·001; *P < 0·05 compared with LPS i.p.o. and saline into the particular brain region, ANOVA.